2025-02-23-世界银行-重新利用电力市场_人人享有可持续和负担得起的能源之路（英）_152页_7mb

Power Markets Repurposing: Path to Sustainable and Affordable Energy for All

1. Introduction

• Context: Developing countries lag in meeting UN Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) for universal access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy.
• Urgency: Renewables growth is concentrated in advanced economies, and private investment in emerging markets is insufficient.
• Solution: Repurposing power market designs to leverage private sector investment, driven by the 3Ds—Decentralization, Digitalization, Decarbonization.

2. Key Trends and Challenges

• Decentralization: Rise of distributed generation (e.g., rooftop solar, mini-grids).
• Digitalization: Smart grids, digital metering, and transactive energy systems enhance efficiency.
• Decarbonization: Transition to renewables and electrification to reduce emissions.
• Challenges: High upfront costs, regulatory inefficiency, corruption, and lack of cost recovery limit private engagement.

3. Power Market Structures

Three primary models:

1. Vertically Integrated Utility (VIU):
   • Single entity controls generation, transmission, and distribution.
   • Preferred in small economies, but hinders competition.
2. Single Buyer Model (SBM):
   • Independent power producers (IPPs) sell to a state-appointed single buyer.
   • Effective for expanding access but faces risks from fossil fuel reliance.
3. Wholesale/Retail Competition (WRC):
   • Multiple players compete in prices, opening markets at scale.
   • Best for renewables integration but requires ancillary services and grid flexibility.

4. Overcoming Barriers

• Cost: Use innovative financing like green bonds, venture capital, and securitization.
• Complexity: Centralize permitting and streamline regulations via "one-stop shops."
• Corruption: Strengthen energy regulators and enforce transparent contract practices.
• Lack of Cost Recovery: Reform tariffs, reduce technical losses, and decouple utility revenues from sales volume.

5. Enabling the Private Sector

• Mechanisms:
  • Risk mitigation: Hedging, guarantees, and blended finance.
  • Offtake assurances: Corporate PPAs, clean energy standards, and capacity markets.
  • Technologies: Smart grids, energy storage, and hybrid renewable systems.
• Examples: PAYG models in Kenya, Peru, and Bangladesh; virtual power plants in Asia.

6. Role of Development Finance Institutions (DFIs)

• Provide early-stage support, capacity building, and innovative financing.
• Examples: IFC’s solar financing in Brazil, ETAF’s partnerships for off-grid energy.

7. Cross-Cutting Recommendations

• Innovate: Use digital and financial tools to align incentives with sustainability.
• Integrate: Prioritize renewable integration and unelectrified communities.
• Institutionalize: Foster transparent regulators and fair procurement practices.
• Incentivize: Design tariffs and RE targets to attract private investment.
• Invest: Co-develop grid projects and explore merchant off-takers.
• Identify: Leverage DFI platforms (e.g., World Bank-Africa partnership).

8. Conclusion

Repurposing power markets through reform, innovation, and private partnerships is essential for achieving SDG7. Policymakers must balance sustainability with affordability, ensuring inclusive growth through adaptive regulatory frameworks and stakeholder collaboration.