2022-12-03-IRENA-加速七国集团的氢部署_氢行动公约_的建议（英）_144页_6mb

Summary of "Accelerating Hydrogen Deployment in the G7"

Introduction

The report explores hydrogen's role in the energy transition for G7 nations, analyzing current status, future outlook, strategic variations, and key recommendations under the Hydrogen Action Pact (HAP). Key objectives include accelerating deployment, shaping regulatory frameworks, securing finance, closing gaps, exchanging best practices, and facilitating dialogue on hydrogen geopolitics.

Current Status of Hydrogen in G7

• G7 countries are responsible for ~30% of global energy-related CO₂ emissions and ~90% of global R&D budgets for hydrogen technologies.
• Global hydrogen demand in 2020 was about 24.2 MtH/yr, expected to increase ~4x by 2050.
• Most hydrogen is produced from fossil gases with CCS or steam reforming (grey), but growing interest in green (renewable) hydrogen for decarbonization.
• Costs vary significantly (~USD$4/kgH to USD$18/kgH in 2020), driven by electricity prices, CAPEX, and technology maturity.

Hydrogen Strategies and Policies in G7

• All G7 members have hydrogen strategies (2020-early 2022), varying in maturity and focus.
• Policy framing includes energy security, decarbonization, economic recovery, and carbon leakage mitigation.
• Key priorities are hard-to-abate sectors (industry, shipping, aviation) and hydrogen valleys as testing grounds.
• Terminology differs (e.g., "low-carbon," "green," "decarbonized"), hindering standardization.

Challenges and Divergences

• Different definitions, standards, and policy ambitions create implementation challenges.
• Supply-demand imbalance ("hydrogen deadlock") due to limited demand-side incentives.
• Uneven technological deployment in electrolysis, storage, and infrastructure.
• Differing approaches to carbon leakage mitigation and international trade.

Recommendations for the Hydrogen Action Pact (HAP)

Pillar 1: Align efforts on standards and certification

1. Establish common sustainability criteria for traded and supported hydrogen.
2. Align methodologies for hydrogen certification.
3. Spearhead efforts to set harmonised technical standards.

Pillar 2: Collaborate internationally and share lessons from early implementation

1. Support sustainable hydrogen development in Global South countries.
2. Share experiences as first movers.
3. Implement innovative schemes like regulatory sandboxes.
4. Address technology gaps and transfer knowledge.

Pillar 3: Balance focus on supply with demand creation

1. Prioritize hard-to-abate industrial applications.
2. Co-ordinate actions to decarbonise shipping and aviation.
3. Co-ordinate supply and demand.
4. Plan financing scale-up (bankable projects, CBAMs).

Pillar 4: Promote hydrogen uptake in industrial applications

1. Test and implement new policies (eco-labels, bans, mandates).
2. Address carbon leakage and create a level playing field.
3. Support disruptive and step-changing technologies.

Pillar 5: Conduct outreach to civil society and industry stakeholders

1. Adopt a unified message around hydrogen and increase awareness.
2. Involve civil society in governance.
3. Introduce an international eco-label for hydrogen-based products.

Methodology for Potential Estimation

• Land eligibility criteria: Excluded forests, protected areas, high population density zones, etc. (slope criteria country-specific).
• Meteorological data: Used ERA5 dataset (2018 reference year).
• Cost optimization: Minimized LCOH by varying capacities of solar PV, onshore wind, and offshore wind, using CAPEX and WACC ranges.

Sources: Compiled based on analysis from IRENA (2022) report.