2021-09-30-联合国贸易发展委员会-出口在撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚制造业污染中的作用（英）_108页_7mb

Summary of "The Role of Exports in Manufacturing Pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia"

This report examines the environmental impacts of manufacturing exports in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia through case studies of Kenya, Tanzania, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The analysis highlights the trade-off between economic growth and pollution, noting that while exports drive economic development, they also contribute significantly to environmental degradation through carbon emissions, water consumption, and waste generation.

Key findings include:

• Environmental Impacts: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) reveals that exports in sectors like textiles, food and beverages, and agriculture (e.g., palm oil and cotton) have high impacts on ozone formation, ecotoxicity, water consumption, and land use.
• Governance Gaps: Most countries have legal and policy frameworks but face challenges in enforcement due to weak institutional capacity, lack of financial resources, and inadequate public participation.
• Private Sector Role: Companies in the studied countries are increasingly adopting sustainability measures like EMS certification, RECP, and circular economy principles to meet international market demands and reduce pollution.

Recommendations

1. Environmental Law and Public Governance:

   • Strengthen institutional capacities and enforcement mechanisms for environmental laws.
   • Ensure transparency and information disclosure in RTAs and BTAs.
   • Promote public participation and social movements for accountability.

2. Private Sector Governance:

   • Develop accessible Green Manufacturing Guidelines for all sectors.
   • Foster Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs) and Industrial Symbiosis to enhance resource efficiency.
   • Accelerate EMS certification and adopt Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production (RECP) measures.

3. Life Cycle Assessment:

   • Create/update IO-LCA databases for SMEP target countries to improve data availability.
   • Enhance export data quality to support better trade-environment governance.

Overall, the study emphasizes the need for integrated approaches involving public, private, and civil society actors to achieve sustainable development and reduce manufacturing pollution.