2021美中经济和安全审查委员会国会报告（英文）-美中委员会-2021.11-551页_7mb

2021 U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Annual Report Summary

Core Content

The 2021 Annual Report to Congress by the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission provides an in-depth analysis of the evolving dynamics between the United States and China, focusing on economic and security implications. The report highlights the challenges and ambitions of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the context of its centennial, China's growing influence in Latin America and the Caribbean, and its strategic economic and technological goals.

Main Points and Key Findings

1. U.S.-China Global Competition

• CCP's Centennial Ambitions: The CCP views its 100th anniversary as a pivotal moment to showcase its achievements and consolidate support for its leadership goals in 2035 and 2049. It promotes a triumphalist narrative while suppressing dissenting opinions and acknowledging its shortcomings.
• Confidence and Insecurity: CCP leaders express confidence in China's global rise but are also increasingly insecure, leading to an uncompromising stance both domestically and internationally.
• Internal and External Challenges: China faces structural economic issues (debt, inequality, demographic decline, environmental degradation), internal political disunity, and external pressure from the U.S. and other democracies.
• Strategic Responses: The CCP is likely to become more assertive in response to both internal and external challenges, potentially escalating its combative approach if not countered by U.S. and allied actions.

2. China's Influence in Latin America and the Caribbean

• Economic Engagement: China has expanded its economic ties with the region, becoming a major trading partner, investor, and financier. It seeks commodities and raw materials to fuel its economy and expand foreign markets.
• Political and Security Objectives: China is pursuing political goals such as isolating Taiwan, expanding the Belt and Road Initiative, and defending its human rights record. It has also deepened its military and security relationships.
• Dual-Use Infrastructure: China has established a space tracking station in Argentina under PLA control and continues to invest in infrastructure that could have dual-use implications.
• Authoritarian and Democratic Influence: China collaborates with authoritarian regimes like Venezuela's Maduro government and supports democratic backsliding in countries like Ecuador and Bolivia. It provides surveillance technologies and financial support to these regimes.
• Regional Impact: China's economic dominance may lead to increased dependence on commodity exports and weaken local institutions, increasing risks of corruption and undermining resource security.

Key Recommendations

• The Commission made 32 recommendations for congressional consideration, with 10 being highlighted as the most critical.
• These recommendations include actions to address economic coercion, enhance supply chain security, and counter China's growing influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.
• The report emphasizes the need for the U.S. to strengthen its economic and security ties with allies and to protect its interests in the face of China's assertive policies.

U.S.-China Economic and Trade Relations

• Economic Recovery: China's economy rebounded post-pandemic, but the recovery was unbalanced and unsustainable. Government stimulus measures exacerbated debt levels and failed to boost consumer spending.
• Technological Control: The CCP is strengthening its control over data and technology, particularly in fintech, e-commerce, and online education. This includes regulatory actions against non-state tech firms.
• Economic Integration: While U.S.-China trade and investment flows are increasing, there is a shift in the types of investments, with more focus on venture capital and private equity.
• Legal Framework: China is developing a legal and regulatory framework to counter foreign sanctions and trade restrictions, including the June 2021 Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, which prohibits Chinese companies from complying with foreign sanctions deemed discriminatory.
• U.S. Response: The Biden Administration is continuing the Trump-era approach of countering China's unfair economic practices and threats to U.S. national security by coordinating with allies and international institutions.

Security and Geopolitical Implications

• Cross-Strait Deterrence: The report details the increasing military capabilities of China and its potential decision-making processes in the event of a conflict over Taiwan.
• Nuclear Forces: China is modernizing and expanding its nuclear capabilities, moving beyond a minimal deterrent. This increases nuclear risks and challenges U.S. security interests.
• Hong Kong's Authoritarian Shift: The Hong Kong government is increasingly adopting authoritarian practices, undermining the "one country, two systems" framework. This poses a threat to U.S. interests and values.

Conclusion

The report underscores the need for the U.S. to remain vigilant and proactive in addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by China's economic and security policies. It highlights the importance of strengthening alliances, enhancing supply chain security, and countering China's growing influence in strategic regions like Latin America and the Indo-Pacific. The Commission urges Congress to consider its recommendations to safeguard U.S. national security and economic interests in the evolving U.S.-China relationship.