2010年-世界发展银行全球_Assessment_of_Water_Supply_Sources_in_Tundia_Area_Dilling_Locality_South_Kordofan_State_Sudan_63页_3mb

Summary of the Water Supply Assessment in Tundia Area, South Kordofan State, Sudan

Core Content

This document presents a comprehensive water supply assessment of the Tundia area in South Kordofan State, Sudan, conducted in April 2010 under the support of the World Bank. The study focuses on identifying the root causes of water shortages, analyzing current water supply sources, and proposing sustainable development strategies to improve access, quality, and reliability of water in the region. It also highlights the social, economic, and environmental impacts of water scarcity and outlines the community-based initiatives that have been undertaken to address the issue.

Main Issues and Challenges

• War Impact: The Tundia area was heavily affected by the North-South war, resulting in damaged infrastructure and basic services, including water points.
• Water Scarcity: The area faces a significant water supply deficit, with a reported shortage of about 60% in drinking water, especially during the dry season (November to June).
• Population Pressure: The influx of returnees has increased the demand for water, exacerbating existing shortages and leading to inter and intra-group conflicts.
• Insufficient Water Infrastructure: Existing water sources such as hand pumps, Hafirs, and dams are either non-functional or insufficient in capacity to meet the needs of the population.
• Groundwater Limitations: Groundwater resources are limited, and the area is characterized by permeable sandy soils, which make it difficult to construct effective storage structures.
• Community Participation and Management: While the community is willing to participate in water projects, previous interventions lacked proper technical input, planning, and sustainability.
• Health and Economic Impacts: Water shortages contribute to the prevalence of water-related diseases, poor hygiene, and reduced agricultural productivity.

Key Findings

• Population: As of April 2010, 7786 people reside in Tundia, all belonging to one tribe. This represents about 10.1% of the total population in the Salara administrative unit.
• Economic Activities: The main economic activities are rain-fed subsistence agriculture and livestock rearing. Livestock populations are significant, with a total of 10,069 animals, including 8,270 goats.
• Water Supply Sources: The area relies on traditional water sources (seasonal streams, base flow, and shallow open wells), two Hafirs, an earth dam in Kurnal, and nine hand pumps. However, most of these sources are either outdated or non-functional.
• Water Demand: Livestock accounts for about 60% of the water demand, leaving limited supplies for human use. Water consumption per capita is low, and the distance and time required to fetch water are high, especially for women and children.
• Water Quality: Some groundwater sources have high levels of fluoride, which may pose health risks to the population.

Proposed Interventions

The study recommends the following interventions to address the water supply issues in Tundia:

1. Rehabilitation of Hafirs: Repair the two existing Hafirs in Tundia and Kushal.
2. Dam Construction and Rehabilitation: Complete the dam in Kushal and construct a new dam in Tousei. Rehabilitate the Kurnal dam after a technical assessment.
3. Groundwater Development: Install three submersible pumps at Tundia, Furash, and Afung boreholes. Upgrade existing hand pumps.
4. Water-Yard Construction: Build a water-yard in Furash.
5. Hydrological Studies: Conduct a comprehensive hydrological and hydro-geophysical study to better understand water availability and potential.
6. Fluoride Removal: Pilot the removal of excess fluoride from groundwater at the household level.
7. Training: Train Village Development Committees (VDCs) and local mechanics to ensure proper operation and maintenance of water sources.
8. Community Engagement: Promote community ownership and participation in water management and development projects.

Implementation and Cost

• Implementation Period: The proposed interventions can be implemented within 18–24 months, starting from October 2010.
• Estimated Cost: The total estimated cost is about 1,198,140 SDG, with community contributions expected to account for up to 18% of the total cost.
• Partners: The main partners include the local communities and VDCs, the Tundia Development and Management Committee, NGOs, and the State Water Corporation.

Sustainability Factors

• Community Ownership: The willingness of communities to contribute labor, materials, and funds is crucial for sustainability.
• Technical Capacity: Trained VDCs and local mechanics will ensure effective management and maintenance.
• Coordination: Close coordination between the Tundia Technical Committee, VDCs, and other CBOs is essential.
• Support from Institutions: Proximity to Dilling, where relevant government and international institutions are based, provides necessary support.
• Revenue Generation: Water revenue can be used to sustain the operation and development of water sources.

Conclusion

The water supply issues in Tundia are not unique but are representative of broader challenges in South Kordofan. The proposed interventions are designed to improve water access, reduce conflicts, and enhance socio-economic conditions. By focusing on sustainable development, community participation, and technical capacity building, the project aims to provide a replicable model for other war-affected areas in the region.