2023-05-08-联合国粮农组织-陆生动物源性食物对改善营养和健康结果的健康饮食的贡献_296页_6mb

Summary of "Contribution of terrestrial animal source food to healthy diets for improved nutrition and health outcomes"

Core Content

This document provides an evidence and policy overview on the role of terrestrial animal source food (TASF) in contributing to healthy diets and improving nutrition and health outcomes globally. It outlines the current state of knowledge, identifies gaps, and discusses policy implications.

Main Sections and Key Findings

Section A: Introduction

• Overview: TASF plays a significant role in meeting global nutrition targets, particularly for vulnerable populations.
• Nutritional importance: TASF provides essential nutrients such as protein, fatty acids, and micronutrients (e.g., vitamin B12, iron, zinc, selenium, choline).
• Agrifood systems: Livestock contributes to food security and nutrition in regions where crop production is less viable.
• Challenges: The livestock sector faces multiple challenges including environmental issues, animal welfare, and antimicrobial resistance.
• FAO's role: The report is part of a comprehensive assessment requested by FAO's Committee on Agriculture (COAG) to support the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Section B: Nutrient Composition and Value of TASF

• Macronutrients: TASF is a rich source of high-quality proteins and fats.
• Micronutrients: TASF provides important micronutrients like iron, zinc, selenium, vitamin B12, and choline.
• Specific nutrients:
  • Eggs: High in choline and long-chain fatty acids.
  • Milk: Rich in calcium, and has high bioavailability of nutrients.
  • Meat: Contains bioavailable forms of iron and zinc.
• Nutrient variability: Nutrient content and quality can vary based on animal characteristics (genetics, breed), production systems (feeding, environment), and husbandry practices.
• Food safety: Nutritional quality and safety are influenced by factors such as feed type, environmental conditions, and animal welfare.

Section C: Effects of TASF on Nutrition and Health Over the Life Course

• Life-course phases:
  • Pregnancy and lactation: TASF contributes to maternal and fetal health.
  • Infants and young children: TASF supports growth and development.
  • School-age children and adolescents: TASF can improve cognitive and physical development.
  • Adults: TASF is linked to better immune function, bone health, and reduced risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
  • Older adults: TASF supports muscle maintenance and overall health.
• Allergies:
  • Milk sensitivity: Common in some populations, particularly in regions with high lactose malabsorption.
  • Egg hypersensitivity: Also prevalent, especially in children.
• Policy implications:
  • Policies shape TASF consumption, and there are varying recommendations across countries and income levels.
  • Nutrient-specific and life-course-related recommendations are found in food-based dietary guidelines.
  • There is a need for more research on the health effects of TASF and its integration into sustainable diets.

Section D: Food Safety and Food-Borne Diseases

• Hazards and risks:
  • Biological hazards: Include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and prions.
  • Chemical hazards: Such as agrochemicals and environmental contaminants.
• Risk assessment: A systematic approach is used to evaluate the risks associated with TASF consumption.
• Agrifood systems: Changes in production and distribution systems impact food safety and risk management.
• Food markets: Formal and informal markets influence the availability and safety of TASF.
• Gaps and needs: There are limitations in the evidence base, particularly regarding risk management strategies and food safety standards.

Section E: Emerging Topics

• Terrestrial animal source food products:
  • Includes meat, dairy, eggs, and emerging sources like insects and offal.
• Insects as food:
  • Insects are a novel and potentially scalable protein source.
  • Their acceptability varies by region and culture.
• Foodomics:
  • The study of food and its effects on health through a systems biology approach.
• Human microbiome:
  • TASF can influence the gut microbiome and microbial metabolism.
  • These effects vary across the life course.
• Sustainable diets:
  • TASF can be part of sustainable healthy diets, but this requires addressing environmental and social challenges.

Key Information

• TASF contributes to the nutritional status of individuals across the life course, particularly in vulnerable populations.
• Nutrient quality of TASF is influenced by animal species, breed, feeding systems, and production environment.
• Food safety is a critical concern, with risks associated with biological and chemical hazards.
• Policy recommendations vary by region and income level, and there is a need for more comprehensive and evidence-based guidelines.
• Emerging topics such as foodomics and the human microbiome offer new insights into the health impacts of TASF.
• Insects are gaining attention as a sustainable and nutritious food source.
• Sustainability of TASF is linked to reducing environmental impact and improving social equity.

Conclusion

This document highlights the importance of TASF in achieving global nutrition targets and improving health outcomes. It emphasizes the need for a balanced approach that considers both the nutritional and environmental impacts of TASF, and underscores the importance of evidence-based policies and further research to address current gaps and challenges.