2011年-世界发展银行全球_An_Overview_of_the_Urban_Landscape_in_South_Sudan_65页_1mb

Summary of Report No. 63786-SD: Urban Development in South Sudan

Core Content Overview

This report provides an overview of the urban landscape in South Sudan, focusing on demographic trends, urbanization patterns, and the legal and institutional framework for local government. It is part of a two-phase analytical study aimed at informing the World Bank’s policy dialogue with the Government of South Sudan (GoSS) and the design of future assistance programs.

Main Views and Key Information

I. Introduction

• The report highlights the need for better understanding of urban development in South Sudan to support policy dialogue and future assistance.
• Urban areas are gaining demographic significance, but knowledge about them is fragmented.
• The study is the first phase of a broader analysis, with a second phase planned to build on its findings.
• The report includes an in-depth case study of Juba, the capital of South Sudan.

II. Urbanization in South Sudan

A. Contemporary Demographic and Urbanization Trends

• South Sudan has a low population density (13 people per square kilometer in 2010), compared to Sub-Saharan Africa (36 people per square kilometer).
• Urbanization is not evenly distributed across states, with Central Equatoria, Warrap, and Northern Bahr-El-Ghazal having the highest densities.
• Economic growth and urban density are positively correlated, as shown in Box 1.
• Agglomeration is seen as a potential way to overcome low population density and boost development.
• Urbanization is expected to accelerate, with the combined urban population projected to grow faster than the total population, reaching 54.5% by 2030.

B. Population Growth in Juba

• Juba, the capital, has experienced rapid urban growth due to internal displacement and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA).
• Juba’s population increased by 10.9% per annum from 1993 to 2008, compared to 5.9% for Wau and 5.6% for Malakal.
• Natural population increase is the main driver of urban growth, with net migration contributing around 40% and boundary changes a smaller share.

C. Urban Profile: Poverty and Access to Services

• Urban areas in South Sudan are poor, with low consumption levels and limited access to basic services.
• Poverty incidence is high, and the urban poor face challenges in accessing improved water, sanitation, education, and healthcare.
• Literacy rates are low in urban areas, and school attendance is also low, particularly among the poor.
• Energy sources are predominantly traditional, and housing conditions are poor, with many households living in informal settlements.

D. Economic Contribution of Urban Areas

• Urban areas contribute to the GDP and are hubs for economic activity, though their contribution is still underdeveloped.
• The urbanization rate is closely linked to economic growth, as shown in Table 3, which compares urbanization and GDP per capita in various countries.
• Infrastructure development is crucial for economic integration and inclusive growth.

E. Policy Implications

• Urban planning and service delivery require stronger institutional frameworks.
• There is a need for policy coherence between national and local levels.
• Fiscal transfers and local revenues should be structured to support urban development.
• Public participation and capacity building are essential for effective local governance.

III. Legal and Institutional Composition of Urban Areas

A. Constitutional and Legal Basis for Local Government

• South Sudan’s interim constitution and legal framework outline the powers and responsibilities of local governments.
• There is a need for a more robust legal framework to support local governance and service delivery.
• The legal basis for local government is still evolving, with ongoing constitutional and legislative developments.

B. Roles and Responsibilities for Service Delivery

• Local governments are responsible for providing essential services such as water, sanitation, education, and health.
• However, the distribution of responsibilities is unclear, and coordination between levels of government is weak.

C. Local Government Financing

• Local government councils (LGCs) face significant financial constraints.
• Fiscal transfers from the national government are limited, and local revenues are insufficient to meet urban development needs.
• Municipal finance is a critical area for reform, with a need for more transparent and sustainable funding mechanisms.

D. Urban Land and Housing

• Land use and housing are key issues in urban areas, with many households living in informal settlements.
• There is a lack of clear land tenure systems, contributing to urban housing insecurity.
• Urban planning is inadequate, and land use policies are not well developed.

E. Policy Implications

• Strengthening legal and institutional frameworks is essential for effective local governance.
• There is a need for reforms in local financing and land use policies.
• Urban planning and infrastructure development should be prioritized to support sustainable urban growth.

IV. Conclusions and Recommendations

• Priorities for the urban and local government sector include:

  • Strengthening legal and institutional frameworks.
  • Improving local government financing.
  • Enhancing urban planning and infrastructure.
  • Increasing access to basic services for the urban poor.
  • Promoting fiscal transparency and public participation.

• Options for Future World Bank Engagement include:

  • Supporting policy dialogue and capacity building.
  • Funding urban infrastructure projects.
  • Enhancing data collection and analysis to better understand urban trends.
  • Promoting fiscal reforms and service delivery improvements.

Annex A: Juba Case Study

• Juba is the most urbanized city in South Sudan, with a population of around 372,413 in 2008.
• The city has experienced significant migration, both inward and outward, due to conflict and peace agreements.
• Institutional arrangements in Juba are incomplete, and municipal finance is underdeveloped.
• Urban infrastructure is poor, with limited access to water, sanitation, and energy.
• Land and housing issues are widespread, with informal settlements and insecure tenure being major concerns.

Key Tables and Figures

• Table 1: Population density in Sudan, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Africa.

• Table 2: Population, growth rate, and density by state.

• Table 3: Agglomeration, urbanization, and GDP per capita in selected countries.

• Table 4: Population growth and intercensal growth rates.

• Table 5: Urban population growth over time.

• Table 6: Urbanization rates by state.

• Table 7: City population and growth rates.

• Table 8: Components of urban population growth.

• Table 9: Population growth in Juba.

• Table 10: Framework for urbanization policies.

• Table 11: Grading of LGCs.

• Table 12: Constitutional powers and functions of national and state governments.

• Table 13: Population growth in Juba.

• Table 14: Allocation of responsibilities for service delivery in Juba.

• Table 15: State of urban infrastructure in Juba.

• Table 16: Real estate taxes in Juba.

• Figure 1: Population density by state and county.

• Figure 2: Urbanization and economic growth.

• Figure 3: Urban population growth.

• Figure 4: South Sudan urban hierarchy.

• Figure 5-21: Various indicators related to urban demographics, services, and economic activity.

• Figure 22: Local government structure.

• Figure 23: Institutional arrangements in Juba.

Boxes

• Box 1: Highlights the link between density and economic growth, emphasizing the role of agglomeration.
• Box 2: Provides a chronology of constitutional and legislative developments in Sudan that have shaped local government.
• Box 3: References a case study on Sierra Leone to support local governance reforms.

Summary of Key Findings

• South Sudan has low population density, but urbanization is growing rapidly.
• Juba is the most urbanized city, with high growth rates driven by internal displacement and peace agreements.
• Urban areas are poor, with limited access to basic services and inadequate infrastructure.
• Local government is underdeveloped, with weak institutional frameworks and limited financial resources.
• Natural population growth is the main driver of urban expansion, while migration plays a secondary role.
• Fiscal reforms and urban planning are critical for sustainable development.

Conclusion

The report underscores the importance of urban development in South Sudan, highlighting the need for stronger legal and institutional frameworks, improved service delivery, and enhanced urban planning. It also emphasizes the role of the World Bank in supporting policy dialogue, capacity building, and fiscal reforms to promote inclusive and sustainable urban growth.