2017年-世界发展银行全球_Toolkit_of_Measures_for_Managing_Environmental_Externalities_in_Urban_Areas_75页_3mb
报告摘要
Summary of AECOM Toolkit for Managing Environmental Externalities in Urban Areas
Core Content
This document outlines a toolkit of policy measures and instruments aimed at managing environmental externalities in urban areas, particularly in Africa. It emphasizes the integration of environmental, social, and economic objectives to promote sustainable and green urban development. The toolkit is designed as a resource for urban managers and planners in African cities, providing a range of strategies that can help address environmental challenges such as pollution, waste management, and ecosystem degradation.
Main Objectives
- To provide an overview of policy measures and instruments that specifically address environmental externalities in urban development.
- To support the implementation of green urban development by leveraging finance from the private sector, national government, and donors.
- To highlight co-benefits such as job creation, poverty alleviation, and improved public health that can result from these measures.
Key Instruments and Measures
| Instrument | Key Environmental Issue | Objectives | Level of Application | Co-Benefits | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plastic Bag Levy | Plastic waste | Reduce waste at source, reduce litter | Manufacturers/retailers/consumers | Flood alleviation | South Africa, Botswana, Kenya, Uganda |
| Wastewater Discharge Charge | Water quality | Discourage discharges to water | Industry | Health, aquatic ecology, reduced water treatment costs | South Africa, Colombia, Dar Es Salaam |
| Pollution Charge – Emissions to Air | Air quality | Discourage harmful emissions to air | Industry | Health, productivity | China, Mexico, Colombia |
| Tax Exemptions on Alternative Fuels | Air quality, forest degradation | Encourage use of cleaner fuels | Woodfuel users, manufacturers / retailers / vehicle users | Health, biodiversity, water attenuation, climate regulation | Uganda, Senegal, Botswana, India |
| Fuel Levy/Differential Tax | Air quality, forest degradation | Discourage pollution / harmful emissions to air | Woodfuel users, Manufacturers/retailers/ vehicle users | Health, climate regulation | Thailand, Taiwan |
| Deposit Refund System | Solid waste | Encourage recycling / reduce landfill waste | Manufacturers/retailers / consumers | Employment, poverty alleviation, resource efficiency | Mexico, South Africa, Kenya, China, etc. |
| Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) | Water quality, water supply, flood attenuation | Restore/maintain ecosystem services | Municipality, businesses, intergovernmental | Climate regulation, biodiversity, cost savings | South Africa, Latin America, Asia |
| Environmental Funds | Multiple environmental issues | Provide long-term stable funding for conservation | Multiple scales | Cost savings, employment, indigenous knowledge | South Africa, Latin America, SE Asia |
| Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) | Forest degradation, wetland degradation | Restore degraded landscapes, improve livelihoods | Municipality / project | Climate regulation, biodiversity, cost savings | Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Botswana |
Main Viewpoints
- Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services: The toolkit underscores the importance of natural capital in supporting urban ecosystems and the services they provide, such as clean air, water, and flood protection. These services are essential for human well-being and economic activity.
- Integrated Urban Planning: It promotes the adoption of integrated approaches to urban planning that consider environmental, social, and economic factors together.
- Green Urban Development: The toolkit defines green urban development as cost-effective development that enhances rather than degrades the value of ecosystems. It includes strategies such as investing in green and blue infrastructure to improve public health and recreational use.
- Green Growth: The OECD's concept of green growth in cities is referenced, emphasizing economic development that reduces environmental impact through sustainable practices.
- Financing Mechanisms: A variety of financing tools are discussed, including taxes, charges, fiscal transfers, and public-private partnerships, to support the implementation of green urban development measures.
- Stakeholder Participation and Awareness: The toolkit highlights the importance of involving stakeholders in the design and implementation of measures to ensure their acceptability and sustainability.
Key Information
- The toolkit is part of a larger World Bank initiative on promoting green urban development in Africa, led by AECOM.
- It was developed through workshops and stakeholder discussions in Durban and Kampala.
- None of the instruments offers a one-size-fits-all solution; their effectiveness depends on local context, including environmental, social, and economic priorities.
- Successful implementation requires a supportive regulatory and policy framework, along with awareness-raising, capacity building, and monitoring.
- The toolkit includes a range of financial instruments, such as the Plastic Bag Levy, Wastewater Discharge Charge, and Deposit Refund Systems, which have been implemented in various African and global cities.
- Environmental Funds and PES schemes are highlighted as mechanisms to generate long-term funding and encourage ecosystem restoration.
- CBNRM is presented as a strategy to involve local communities in managing natural resources, restoring degraded landscapes, and improving livelihoods.
Conclusion
The AECOM Toolkit serves as a valuable resource for urban managers and planners in Africa, offering a range of policy instruments and financial mechanisms to address environmental externalities. It encourages the use of integrated and sustainable approaches to urban development, emphasizing the importance of natural capital and ecosystem services in supporting long-term resilience and well-being in cities.
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