国际能源署-新兴和发展中经济体的清洁能源创新政策（英）-2024-247份_246页_5mb

Clean Energy Innovation Policies in Emerging and Developing Economies: Summary

Core Content

This report by the International Energy Agency (IEA) explores the role of clean energy innovation policies in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs), highlighting their importance in the global transition to sustainable energy. It presents 11 case studies from countries such as Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Kenya, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, and South Africa, examining how these nations have developed and implemented policies to support clean energy innovation.

Main Viewpoints

• EMDEs have a major stake in the clean energy transition due to their potential for economic development and energy security.
• Clean energy innovation is critical for achieving global climate goals, especially as many technologies required for net-zero emissions are not yet commercially available.
• Government policies are essential in driving clean energy innovation through financial incentives, regulations, and research support.
• Innovation ecosystems in EMDEs are diverse and context-dependent, requiring tailored approaches to policy design and implementation.
• International cooperation is vital for EMDEs to overcome resource and infrastructure limitations and to build stronger clean energy innovation systems.

Key Information

• Global emissions savings needed for net-zero by mid-century include 35% from technologies not yet available on the market.
• Investment in clean energy is uneven, with most spending concentrated in advanced economies and China.
• EMDEs face challenges such as constrained public budgets, weak IP enforcement, and limited domestic markets.
• Successful innovation policies in EMDEs typically involve four pillars: resource push, knowledge management, market pull, and socio-political support.
• EMDEs have demonstrated innovation in various sectors, including nuclear energy (Argentina), biofuels (Brazil), solar PV (Kenya, China, Mexico), and synthetic fuels (South Africa).

Case Studies

Insights for Policy Makers

• Innovation policy must be comprehensive, combining multiple measures to support the development and deployment of clean energy technologies.
• EMDEs need to prioritize technology areas that align with their national socio-economic goals and local capacities.
• International engagement can help EMDEs build stronger innovation ecosystems, especially through knowledge sharing, financial support, and joint R&D initiatives.
• Effective policy design requires understanding the local context, including institutional history, private sector involvement, and existing technical expertise.
• Innovation can accelerate the transition by helping countries reach tipping points where clean energy becomes more economically advantageous than traditional, high-emission pathways.

Recommendations

• Domestic policy makers should focus on creating predictable and durable markets for clean energy technologies.
• Innovation co-operation between EMDEs and advanced economies can enhance the development of clean energy technologies and ecosystems.
• International partners should support EMDEs through development finance, technical assistance, and collaborative initiatives that align with local needs and priorities.
• Policy evaluation should be integrated into the design of innovation strategies to support continuous learning and improvement.

Conclusion

The report underscores the importance of clean energy innovation in EMDEs and the need for policy coherence, international collaboration, and context-sensitive approaches to ensure the success of the global energy transition. By leveraging their unique strengths and engaging with the global community, EMDEs can play a pivotal role in shaping a sustainable energy future.