2010年-世界发展银行全球_Kenyas_Infrastructure___A_Continental_Perspective_39页_2mb

Kenya's Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective

Core Content Overview

This document provides a comprehensive analysis of Kenya's infrastructure status, challenges, and financing needs, as part of the World Bank's Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD). It benchmarks Kenya's infrastructure performance against other African countries and outlines the potential for growth through improved infrastructure investment and efficiency.

Main Achievements

• ICT Sector: Kenya has achieved significant progress with a major institutional reform and high GSM coverage (90% of the population).
• Air Transport: Kenya's airline is among the top three carriers in Sub-Saharan Africa, and Jomo Kenyatta International Airport is a key international gateway.
• Roads: A sound road maintenance funding system is in place, and the trunk network provides adequate regional and national connectivity.
• Power Sector: Institutional reforms have led to cost-recovery pricing and reduced the burden of subsidies on the public by about 1% of GDP.
• Water and Sanitation: Major institutional reforms have been implemented to improve service delivery and efficiency.

Key Challenges

• Power Sector: Kenya needs an additional 1,000 megawatts of generating capacity over the next decade.
• Port of Mombasa: There is a need for substantial investment to increase terminal capacity and improve road and rail interfaces.
• Road Rehabilitation: A large backlog of maintenance and rehabilitation needs must be addressed, with capital spending at around 1% of GDP, which is low by regional standards.
• Urban Infrastructure: Low levels of access to services and insecure land tenure in Nairobi's slums are significant concerns.
• Water Resources: There is a need to increase water storage capacity and irrigated area by 50%.
• Transport Efficiency: Systemic issues such as low budget execution, cost overruns, and delays affect the effectiveness of public investment in transport.

Infrastructure's Economic Impact

• Infrastructure contributed 0.5 percentage points to Kenya's annual per capita GDP growth over the last decade.
• If Kenya's infrastructure were to match the level of middle-income countries, it could boost annual growth by over 3 percentage points.
• The power sector alone could account for a substantial share of this potential growth.

Financing Needs

• To address its infrastructure deficit, Kenya needs sustained annual expenditures of almost $4 billion, which is about 20% of GDP.
• This amount is split evenly between investment and operations, and almost half is required to achieve the Millennium Development Goals for water and sanitation.
• The funding gap was $2.1 billion per year in 2006, or 11% of GDP.
• This gap could be halved with more efficient technologies and extending the target horizon from 10 to 18 years.

Methodological Notes

• The AICD data spans 2001–2006, with most technical data from 2006.
• Financial data are averaged over the period to smooth out short-term fluctuations.
• Indicators are standardized for cross-country comparisons, which may differ from routine national reporting.

Regional and Continental Benchmarks

• Kenya's infrastructure indicators are higher than those of most low-income African countries but still lag behind middle-income countries.
• The report compares Kenya's performance with regional neighbors in the East African Community and African peers in various sectors.
• The focus is on Sub-Saharan Africa, with the term "Africa" used as a shorthand for this region unless otherwise stated.

Conclusion

Kenya has made notable progress in infrastructure development, but significant challenges remain. Addressing these will require substantial and sustained investment, institutional reforms, and improved efficiency. The AICD provides a baseline for measuring progress and guiding policy reforms in Kenya's infrastructure sectors.