联合国贸易发展委员会-普遍优惠制：它对发展中国家有多重要？（英）-2023-68页_5mb

GSP Summary for Developing Countries

Key Findings

• Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Provides preferential tariffs to developing countries, promoting exports and economic growth. Established in 1968 by UNCTAD.
• Effectiveness: For LDCs, GSP schemes like the Everything-but-Arms (EBA) initiative offer significant tariff savings, with higher preference margins and effective coverage. Non-LDC schemes are less impactful due to lower margins and increased competition from FTAs.
• Concentration: Benefits are highly concentrated, with countries like Bangladesh and Cambodia accounting for over 90% of preference values in Quad markets. Key products include apparel, footwear, and leather.
• Challenges: Preference utilization is limited by rules of origin, administrative barriers, and the proliferation of FTAs, which erode GSP benefits. Tariff reductions overall reduce the value of preferences, diminishing their relevance.
• Future Directions: Simplifying rules of origin, enhancing predictability, and broadening product coverage could improve GSP effectiveness. Balancing support for LDCs and non-LDCs is crucial. Further research on NTMs and GVCs is recommended.

Conclusion

GSP remains relevant for LDCs but faces challenges from trade liberalization. Strengthening GSP schemes and addressing utilization barriers could enhance their contribution to sustainable development.