2013年-世界发展银行全球_Romania___Energy_Sector_Rapid_Assessment_91页_3mb

Summary of Romania Energy Sector Rapid Assessment (2013)

Core Content

This document presents the findings of a rapid assessment conducted by the World Bank for the Government of Romania, as part of a climate change advisory service program. The objective of the assessment is to identify investment priorities and necessary policy support for the energy sector to achieve the EU 20-20-20 targets and support the continued decarbonization of the energy sector by 2014-2020.

The assessment covers climate change mitigation in the power and heat generation sectors and in the energy use of the manufacturing, residential, public, and commercial sectors. It does not include adaptation strategies or energy use in agriculture and forestry, which account for less than 2% of Romania's total final energy consumption.

Main Findings

• Energy and Climate Change:

  • The energy sector is responsible for 70% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Romania (excluding LULUCF) and has contributed 70% of overall GHG emissions reduction since 1989.
  • Energy intensity has decreased significantly since 1998, and GDP has grown by 53% from 2000 to 2011 while energy demand remained flat.
  • Romania's per capita energy consumption is still below the EU27 average, but it is expected to increase with continued economic growth.

• Energy Mix and Trends:

  • The share of low-carbon energy sources (nuclear, hydro, wind, biomass) in primary energy consumption increased from 15% to 22% between 2000 and 2011.
  • Natural gas consumption decreased from 37% to 30% during the same period, while coal consumption increased slightly from 20% to 22%.
  • Energy demand in the services and transport sectors is expected to grow significantly, while residential and industrial energy demand has declined.

• Subsidies and Price Reforms:

  • Energy-intensive state-owned enterprises (SOEs) benefit from low, preferential electricity and gas prices.
  • Residential district heating is heavily subsidized, covering about 50% of customer costs.
  • Energy price reform is a major unfinished policy agenda, with subsidies for natural gas, district heating, and electricity still in place.

• Investment Needs:

  • The estimated investment cost for the government's power sector development plan from 2014-2020 is EUR 14 billion, with EUR 3.6 billion of public funding.
  • A more cost-effective alternative scenario is proposed, which would reduce the total cost by EUR 2 billion and public funding needs by EUR 636 million by focusing on high-efficiency gas-fired units, wind, and solar PV.
  • The estimated investment needs for energy efficiency improvements in key end-use sectors (e.g., building thermal retrofit, industrial efficiency, refrigerator upgrades) amount to over EUR 6 billion, with 28% or EUR 1.7 billion expected to be financed by public funds.

• District Heating Challenges:

  • The number of operating district heating systems in Romania declined from over 300 in 1995 to about 100 in 2011.
  • Many systems are inefficient and costly, with high losses and low financial sustainability.
  • A comprehensive multi-year program is needed to modernize economically viable systems and improve service quality, while also implementing sector reforms to restore financial sustainability.

• Energy Efficiency Gaps:

  • Residential space heating has a specific heat consumption 32% higher than EU best practice.
  • Chemicals manufacturing has an energy intensity over 4 times higher than the EU average.
  • Steel manufacturing has an energy intensity 70% higher than the EU average.
  • Energy efficiency implementation in the building sector has been disappointing, despite high capital subsidies (up to 80%).

Key Recommendations

1. Expanding Cleaner Power Generation

• Investment Priorities:

  • Increase wind and solar PV generation capacity.
  • Develop T&D infrastructure and smart grid technologies.
  • Expand high-efficiency gas-fired generation.
  • Modernize the distribution network.

• Sector Reforms:

  • Resume the implementation of the 2003 Road Map for the Energy Field.
  • Improve governance of energy SOEs for transparency and accountability.
  • Rebuild the capacity, autonomy, and accountability of the energy regulator (ANRE).
  • Enhance inter-ministerial coordination of energy functions across the government.

• Implementation and Delivery:

  • Encourage private sector participation.
  • Promote public-private partnerships.
  • Strengthen public sector energy companies.

2. Restructuring the District Heating Sector

• Investment Priorities:

  • Modernize economically viable district heating systems.

• Sector Reforms:

  • Unify sector regulation under ANRE.
  • Improve district heating company governance through commercialization.
  • Introduce two-part heat tariffs and consumption-based billing.
  • Replace general heat subsidies with targeted subsidies for the poor.
  • Review and adjust the bonus scheme for high-efficiency cogeneration.

• Implementation and Delivery:

  • Initiate a strategic review of local district heating systems.
  • Prepare a long-term urban heating strategy led by the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration (MRDPA).
  • Encourage private sector participation and public-private partnerships.

3. Scaling Up Energy Efficiency

• Investment Priorities:

  • Thermal retrofit of apartment buildings built between 1950-1990.
  • Reduce energy intensity in chemicals and steel manufacturing.
  • Implement energy efficiency obligations for energy utilities to address highly disaggregated investments in residential, commercial, public, and industrial sectors.

• Sector Reforms:

  • Strengthen government oversight for energy efficiency based on the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan.
  • Implement pricing reforms for subsidized industrial users and the residential sector.

• Implementation and Delivery:

  • Strengthen enforcement of codes and standards.
  • Establish a long-term financing and delivery platform for residential thermal retrofit.
  • Improve access to finance, especially mechanisms that support EU co-financing and energy performance contracts.
  • Develop technical capacity of key energy efficiency market participants (e.g., enterprises, energy managers/auditors, banks, ESCOs).
  • Increase information and data gathering and outreach to stakeholders.

Key Information

• The World Bank supported the assessment through the Romania Climate Change Reimbursable Advisory Service (RAS) Program.
• The report was prepared by a core team including Feng Liu, Anke Meyer, Ana Otilia Nutu, and Jean Constantinescu, with inputs from Silpa Kaza.
• The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) was used as a reference.
• The assessment is part of the EU 2007-2013 Structural Instruments and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the OPTA 2007-2013 program.
• The estimated need for EU funds for the power sector is EUR 1.5 billion, which is half of the estimated public financing in the alternative scenario.
• The main energy end-use sectors (residential, industrial, and services) account for 40% of Romania's final energy consumption.
• The total investment needed for thermal retrofitting of residential buildings is EUR 12 billion, with only 1% of the total building stock retrofitted by 2012.

Conclusion

The energy sector is central to Romania's climate change mitigation efforts, but significant challenges remain in terms of investment, policy implementation, and financial sustainability. A comprehensive strategy combining investment, sector reforms, and implementation support is needed to meet the EU 20-20-20 targets and ensure a low-carbon, efficient, and sustainable energy future. The report emphasizes the importance of EU funding, institutional capacity building, and private sector involvement to achieve these goals.