2009年-世界发展银行全球_Tanzania___Country_Brief_58页_1mb

Tanzania Country Brief Summary

Core Content

Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in Sub-Saharan Africa with a population of approximately 40.4 million as of 2007. It is composed of the mainland and Zanzibar, a semiautonomous archipelago. The capital is Dodoma, while Dar es Salaam is the most populous city and a major economic hub. The country's economy is primarily driven by agriculture, which accounts for one-quarter of GDP and 80 percent of employment, though productivity remains low. Tourism is a growing sector, contributing around 16 percent of GDP, and the financial sector has seen some improvements, though access to formal financial services is still limited. Tanzania is also a significant recipient of international aid and has seen a reduction in external debt due to international debt reduction initiatives.

Key Statistics

• Population: 40.4 million (2007), with 44% under 15 years old.
• GDP: $16.2 billion (2007).
• GNI per capita (PPP): $1,200 (2007), lower than the Sub-Saharan African average of $1,870.
• Life expectancy at birth: 52 years (2006), an increase of almost three years since 2000.

Main Development Challenges

• Poverty: Tanzania has one of the highest rates of extreme poverty globally, with 88.5% of the population living below the $1.25 per day poverty line.
• Health and Nutrition: Despite some improvements, health indicators remain poor, with high maternal mortality (950 per 100,000 live births) and significant malnutrition rates (17% for weight for age, 44% for height for age).
• Education: Primary school enrollment increased from 59% in 2001 to 84% in 2007, but disparities persist between urban and rural areas. Secondary and tertiary enrollment rates remain low, with only 25% and 1.5% respectively in 2007.
• Infrastructure: Tanzania has some of the poorest infrastructure indicators in the world, with only 9% of roads paved in 2003 and low electricity access (10% nationally, 2% in rural areas).
• Energy: Energy costs account for more than half of companies' expenses, and power outages are frequent.

Economic Overview

• GDP Growth: Tanzania has experienced high GDP growth in recent years, outperforming the Sub-Saharan African average.
• Agriculture: Remains the mainstay of the economy, but productivity is low.
• Manufacturing and Mining: The manufacturing sector is small but growing, while the mining and natural resources industry is expanding but not yet a major contributor to long-term growth.
• Tourism: A key sector with potential to drive growth in other areas, contributing up to 16% of GDP.
• Informal Sector: Substantial, with significant implications for economic development.
• Inflation: Has intensified, requiring careful monetary policy.
• Trade: Tanzania is a member of several regional economic blocs and has trade partnerships with the EU, China, India, Kenya, and South Africa.

Governance and Business Environment

• Reforms: Tanzania has implemented various reforms, including privatization efforts and anti-corruption measures, but the business environment remains poor.
• Infrastructure Constraints: Underfunded and in poor condition, limiting economic growth and access to social services.
• Financial Sector: Has undergone reforms, but access to finance is low, with only 10% of the population having access to formal financial services in 2007.
• Administrative Reforms: Includes the creation of district councils to delegate authority to local communities.

Social and Demographic Overview

• Languages: Swahili and English are official, with many local languages spoken. Arabic is common in Zanzibar.
• Religion: Christianity and Islam are widely practiced on the mainland, while Zanzibar is predominantly Muslim.
• Gender: Women contribute significantly to the economy but face disadvantages in social indicators.
• Population Distribution: Three-quarters of Tanzanians live in rural areas, and the country is less urbanized than the Sub-Saharan African average.

Key Trends and Progress

• Primary Education: Net enrollment increased from 59% in 2001 to 84% in 2007, with improvements in rural areas.
• Poverty Reduction: While the proportion of people living in poverty decreased slightly, the absolute number increased due to population growth.
• Health Improvements: Infant and under-five mortality rates have declined, though maternal mortality remains high.
• Tourism Growth: Tourism revenue reached over $1 billion in 2007 and $1.2 billion in 2008.
• FDI: Tanzania receives more FDI than other East African Community countries, though it remains lower than official development assistance.

Conclusion

Tanzania has made notable progress in education and economic performance, particularly in GDP growth and tourism. However, significant challenges remain in poverty reduction, health, and infrastructure development. The country's political stability and openness to trade have supported economic growth, but governance and business environment issues still hinder development. Continued efforts in improving education access, healthcare, and infrastructure are essential for achieving long-term development goals and improving the quality of life for its citizens.