2002年-世界发展银行全球_Philippines_Logistics_Study_143页_1000kb

Summary of the Philippines Logistics Study

Core Content

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the logistics challenges faced by the agricultural and industrial sectors in the Philippines, with a focus on Mindanao. It examines the supply chains for key commodities such as corn, rice, vegetables, fruits, and electronic products, identifying inefficiencies and proposing strategies for improvement.

Main Commodities and Supply Chains

Corn

• Key Regions: Mindanao, especially the Bukidnon plateau.
• Types: White corn (for household consumption and processed foods) and yellow corn (for animal feed).
• Logistics Issues:
  • High logistics costs (about 20% for Cagayan de Oro, 40% for Manila).
  • Small consignments and high port and shipping charges for bagged corn.
  • Multiple intermediaries increase transaction costs and reduce product quality.
• Market Impact: Imported animal feeds from Thailand have replaced yellow corn in Luzon due to lower costs and more efficient supply chains.

Rice

• Production: Primarily for home consumption and deficit areas in Mindanao.
• Yield and Production: Yields have not improved significantly, but government efforts increased irrigated rice area by 33% and total production by 20%.
• Market Price: Domestic rice is two to three times more expensive than Thai and Vietnamese rice.
• Logistics Issues:
  • Small-scale production and processing.
  • Limited storage facilities force farmers to sell immediately after harvest.
  • High transaction and transport costs.
  • Smuggling due to high tariffs and NFA controls.

Vegetables

• Grown in: Bukidnon plateau.
• Logistics Issues:
  • Perishable crops like tomatoes suffer from high losses due to excessive handling, poor packaging, and exposure during transit.
  • Logistics costs account for 16% of delivered cost in local markets and 25% in Luzon.
  • Losses range from 2% to 15% due to delays and packaging.

Processed Fruits

• Exports: Includes fresh pineapples, bananas, and processed fruits.
• Processing: Mostly small- to medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) using simple technology.
• Logistics Issues:
  • Inadequate quality control and lack of standards.
  • Perishable products require specialized handling.
  • Limited access to modern logistics infrastructure.

Electronic Products

• Industry Location: CALABARZON in Metro Manila.
• Export Value: Accounted for 66% of total exports in 2001, with an average growth rate of 30% annually.
• Logistics Efficiency:
  • Inbound and outbound supply chains are efficient.
  • Logistics costs are less than 5% of delivered price.
  • Airfreight is the main mode of transport, with small consignments and short transit times.

Key Logistics Bottlenecks

• Limited market information for farmers and traders.
• Few selling options for farmers.
• Lack of technical services to improve production, processing, and marketing.
• Small-scale production and transport leading to higher delivered costs.
• Inefficient transport services in remote areas.
• Inefficient inter-island shipping and cumbersome government regulations.
• Public monopolies and high freight rates increasing costs.

Proposed Initiatives for Improvement

Institutional and Regulatory Reforms

• Current Challenges:
  • Inefficient inter-island shipping due to poor infrastructure and regulation.
  • Government monopoly on port services limits competition and increases costs.
  • Economic regulation of freight rates hinders adaptation to market needs.
• Proposed Solutions:
  • Allow development of parallel shipping services between Mindanao-Manila and Mindanao-Cebu.
  • Utilize private port facilities for specialized cargo handling.
  • Operate without oversight or taxation by the Philippine Ports Authority.
  • Use chartered vessels for bulk and RoRo cargo.
  • Encourage voyage charters arranged by buyers.

Recommendations and Implementation

• Commodity Exchange: To provide a clearinghouse for agricultural products and information.
• E-commerce: To extend the commodity exchange functions to the internet.
• E-extension: To improve access to information and post-harvest technologies.
• Farmer Contracts: To ensure a stable supply chain and reduce risks.
• Improved Village Transport: To reduce logistics costs and cargo losses.
• Warehousing and Cargo Pooling: To consolidate shipments and reduce transport costs.
• Cold Chain Development: To preserve perishable goods and improve product quality.
• Local Production Facilities: To increase value addition and employment in rural areas.
• Bulk Handling Facilities: To improve handling efficiency and reduce costs.
• New Inter-island Shipping Services: To reduce costs and improve competition.

Conclusion

The report emphasizes that improving logistics in the Philippines, especially in Mindanao, requires a combination of technical assistance, financial support, and policy reform. The inefficiencies in agricultural logistics are primarily due to small-scale production, limited infrastructure, and cumbersome regulations. By addressing these issues through the proposed initiatives, the logistics sector can be significantly enhanced, leading to higher farmer incomes, better market access, and increased efficiency in supply chains.