2015年-世界发展银行全球_Private_Sector_Participation_in_Electricity_Transmission_and_Distribution___Experiences_from_Brazil_Peru_the_Philippines_and_Turkey_20页_7mb

Private Sector Participation in Electricity Transmission and Distribution: A Summary

Core Content

Private sector participation (PSP) in electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) has been a significant strategy for governments to address financial, operational, and performance challenges in the power sector. This report examines the experiences of Brazil, Peru, The Philippines, and Turkey, highlighting the different models and outcomes of PSP in these countries.

Main Forms of Private Sector Participation

Main Policy Messages from the Country Case Studies

Transmission

• Brazil:

  • Long-term concessions (e.g., BOOT) are the primary model for transmission expansion.
  • The regulatory framework ensures that annual revenues are fixed and inflation-adjusted.
  • Competitive auctions attract both public and private investment, with private capital dominating.
  • Multiple transmission owners can coexist efficiently if the system operator provides coordination.

• Peru:

  • 30-year concessions are used for both existing assets and expansion projects.
  • Auctions and bid guarantees are critical in attracting private investment.
  • The introduction of the BOOT model in 2007 led to a significant rise in transmission investments.
  • A centralized and binding transmission planning framework reduces cost allocation disputes.

• The Philippines:

  • Long-term concessions are used to raise capital for the transmission sector.
  • The Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) established a performance-based regulation (PBR) framework.
  • The ERC used a "revenue cap" approach for transmission and "price cap" for distribution.
  • Regulatory uncertainty delayed the process until a robust tariff regime was established in 2007.

• Turkey:

  • The Transfer of Operating Rights (TOOR) model is used for distribution privatization.
  • The right to operate is granted on a competitive basis based on the highest bid.
  • The model has led to significant performance improvements, including reduced theft and increased payment collection.

Distribution

• Brazil:

  • Distribution privatization focused on improving financial sustainability and operational efficiency.
  • Privatization led to productivity gains, but initial lack of regulation affected consumer benefits.
  • The remaining public companies also showed improvements, particularly in network loss reduction.

• Peru:

  • Divestiture was the main model for distribution.
  • Privatization improved performance in terms of loss reduction, labor productivity, and service quality.
  • "Benchmark competition" between public and private companies enhanced overall performance.
  • Private companies outperformed public ones in most indicators.

• The Philippines:

  • The distribution sector saw privatization through concessions, leading to improved performance.
  • The separation of the distribution grid into public and private concessions in Lima improved service quality.
  • The regulatory framework played a crucial role in ensuring transparency and predictability.

• Turkey:

  • Distribution privatization through the TOOR model led to significant performance improvements.
  • Technological upgrades and improved service quality were rapid.
  • The financial performance of privatized companies allowed them to settle arrears with generators and wholesalers.

Key Trends and Insights

• Investment Trends:

  • Investments in the electricity sector involving PSP peaked at $40.7 billion in 1997.
  • Investment in T&D increased from $1.4 billion in 2003 to $11 billion in 2012.
  • The majority of recent investment has been in power generation, while T&D has seen a steady rise.

• Drivers of PSP:

  • Attracting private investment to fill financing gaps.
  • Improving operational and financial performance of public utilities.
  • Raising fiscal revenues through asset divestiture.
  • Addressing long-term under-investment and poor performance under public ownership.

• Challenges:

  • Regulatory uncertainty and weak frameworks initially hindered investment.
  • Balancing the need for high returns with affordable tariffs for consumers.
  • Ensuring that the benefits of privatization are shared with the public.

• Success Factors:

  • Competitive auctions and transparent regulatory processes.
  • Well-designed contracts that balance risk and reward.
  • Effective coordination by the system operator to ensure efficiency and security.

Conclusion

The experiences of Brazil, Peru, The Philippines, and Turkey demonstrate that private sector participation in T&D can be a powerful tool for improving the performance and sustainability of the electricity sector. While the models vary, the success of these initiatives is largely attributed to sound regulatory frameworks, competitive bidding processes, and the ability to balance investor and consumer interests. The report underscores the importance of long-term planning, transparency, and effective governance in achieving the desired outcomes of PSP.