2017年-WEF世界经济论坛_Impact_of_the_Fourth_Industrial_Revolution_on_Supply_Chains_22页_5mb

Summary of the Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Supply Chains

Introduction

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is reshaping the future of production and supply chains through the convergence of technologies such as advanced robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT), enterprise wearables, and additive manufacturing. This white paper, commissioned by the World Economic Forum and BVL International, outlines the potential transformations and disruptive developments that these technologies will bring. It is intended to inform discussions at the 34th International Supply Chain Conference and the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2018.

Key Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies

Five key technologies are identified as having a significant impact on supply chains:

1. Internet of Things (IoT)

   • Enables real-time tracking and monitoring of assets and devices.
   • Offers opportunities for improved operational efficiency, processing time, and cost reduction.
   • However, it also introduces cyber risks, requiring robust security and privacy policies.
   • Current implementation status is average, but expected impact in the next five years is high.

2. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

   • Allows for self-learning systems that improve performance without human intervention.
   • Supports predictive maintenance and data-driven decision making.
   • Current implementation status is low, but impact in the next five years is seen as average.

3. Advanced Robotics

   • Enables automation and improves productivity, cycle times, and floor space utilization.
   • Raises legal, ethical, and regulatory concerns, particularly around human job security and liability.
   • Experts assess the current implementation status and future impact as high.

4. Enterprise Wearables

   • Permanently connected computing devices that provide hands-free access to relevant information.
   • Used in design, manufacturing, and training processes.
   • Current implementation is average, and impact in the next five years is also assessed as average.

5. Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)

   • Allows for the production of customized goods with minimal waste.
   • Offers potential for mass customization and localized production.
   • Current implementation is low, but expected impact in the next five years is high.
   • The global market for additive manufacturing was valued at $4.1 billion in 2014, with $1.3 billion in product sales and $660 million in value added.

Technological Impact on Value Chains

The 4IR is not only changing production and supply chain management but also enabling the creation of new value chains. Key developments include:

• Open Innovation: Companies are increasingly involving external partners and customers in innovation processes, leveraging platforms for idea sharing and collaborative development.
• Distributed Manufacturing: This model decentralizes production, bringing it closer to the customer and reducing lead times and costs. It allows for mass customization and is driven by technologies like 3D printing and IoT.
• New Collaboration Models: Collaboration between companies is becoming more horizontal and vertical, with digitalization enabling more complex and interconnected networks.

Technological Impact on Logistics

The logistics sector is also undergoing transformation due to 4IR technologies:

• Innovative Business Models: Logistics service providers (LSPs) are moving towards more data-driven and digitally interconnected models.
• Digital Transformation: LSPs need to reinvent themselves as technology companies to remain competitive.
• Strategic Roadmaps: Companies must decide whether to expand existing models or develop new ones to adapt to the changing landscape.

Challenges to Technological Advancement

• Cyber Risks: As supply chains become more interconnected, they are also more vulnerable to cyber threats, requiring enhanced security measures.
• Legal and Ethical Concerns: The use of advanced robotics and AI raises questions about liability, intellectual property, and human job security.
• Infrastructure and Governance: Proven technology and digital infrastructure are essential for successful implementation. Governance frameworks must evolve to address new risks and opportunities.

Implications for the Environment and Jobs

• Environmental Impact: Shorter supply chains and localized production can reduce CO₂ emissions and transport costs. However, the establishment of decentralized production facilities requires significant investment.
• Job Implications: While automation reduces the need for low-skilled labor, it also necessitates upskilling and retraining of the existing workforce. Companies must support employees through this transition to maintain morale and productivity.

Conclusion

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is driving a fundamental transformation in supply chains, with the potential to create new value chains, business models, and collaborative ecosystems. However, this transformation comes with challenges, including cybersecurity, governance, and workforce adaptation. Companies must be proactive in addressing these challenges and embracing the opportunities presented by 4IR technologies to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving global market.