国际可持续发展研究所-可持续地支持海洋渔业：印度尼西亚中央和省级政府支持海洋渔业的回顾（英）-2021.7-83页_1mb

Summary of "Supporting Marine Fishing Sustainably: A Review of Central and Provincial Government Support for Marine Fisheries in Indonesia"

Core Content

This report reviews the support measures provided by the central and provincial governments in Indonesia to marine fisheries, focusing on their alignment with sustainable development goals. It highlights the importance of the fisheries sector for Indonesia's economy, food security, and employment, and emphasizes the need for effective and sustainable public support to ensure long-term viability.

Indonesia is the world's second-largest producer of capture fisheries, contributing around 8% of global marine capture between 2015 and 2018. The sector provides livelihoods to approximately 2 million people and accounts for a significant portion of the country's GDP. However, many fish stocks are already overexploited or fully exploited, underscoring the urgency of sustainable fisheries policies.

The report identifies key support measures and evaluates their potential impacts on fishing capacity, environmental sustainability, and socio-economic outcomes. It also proposes recommendations for improving the effectiveness and transparency of these support mechanisms.

Main Points

• Indonesia's Fisheries Sector:

  • A vital source of nutrition, employment, and income.
  • Marine capture fisheries account for 6.98 million tonnes in 2019, with a 4.17% increase from 2018.
  • Contributes 2.65% to GDP in 2019.
  • High per capita fish consumption (47.3 kg in 2017), compared to the global average of 20.5 kg.

• Government Support Overview:

  • In 2018, total support was IDR 2,067.9 billion (~USD 144 million), rising to IDR 11,012 billion (~USD 771 million) in 2019.
  • Despite its significance, the level of support is relatively low compared to the sector's value.
  • Central government support is mainly focused on fuel subsidies and infrastructure.
  • Provincial support varies, with Aceh emphasizing infrastructure, Maluku and North Sulawesi focusing on vessel acquisition and modernization.

• Key Support Categories:

  • Fuel Subsidies: Central support includes subsidized kerosene and diesel through SPDN and SPBN. These support all vessels below 30 GT and may encourage overfishing.
  • Vessel Construction and Modernization: Significant in Maluku and North Sulawesi, with support for small-scale and pelagic fisheries.
  • Fixed-Cost Support: Includes vessel and engine provision, fishing gear, and post-harvest equipment. This type of support may increase fishing capacity and risk overexploitation.
  • Poverty-Eradication Programs: In North Sulawesi, support includes transfers of engines, vessels, and equipment to small-scale fishers.
  • Infrastructure Development: Includes shared facilities for the fishing industry.

Key Findings

• Fuel Subsidy Risks: Fuel support is a major component of fisheries support, often contributing over 50% of total expenses. It is not targeted at small-scale fishers and may lead to overcapacity and overfishing.
• Vessel Support and Modernization: Vessel acquisition and modernization are a major focus in some provinces and may increase fishing capacity, especially for pelagic fisheries.
• Fixed-Cost Support Concerns: While these measures may reduce poverty, they can also contribute to overfishing and unsustainable practices.
• Data Transparency Issues: Government data on fisheries support is often incomplete or aggregated, making it difficult to assess the full impact of policies.
• Need for Evaluation: The report recommends a more detailed assessment of selected support measures to determine their effectiveness in promoting sustainable development.

Recommendations

1. Conduct In-Depth Assessments:

   • Evaluate the effectiveness of key support measures, especially fuel subsidies and vessel construction programs, to ensure they align with sustainability goals.
   • Focus on measures that may lead to overcapacity and overfishing, such as those supporting variable and fixed costs.

2. Implement Ongoing Monitoring:

   • Monitor the effectiveness of fisheries support using broader indicators, such as stock status and inclusivity, rather than just production levels.
   • Ensure that monitoring captures the long-term impacts on both the environment and socio-economic outcomes.

3. Improve Transparency:

   • Enhance the availability and quality of official data on fisheries support.
   • Make data more accessible to support informed policy discussions and stakeholder engagement.

Conclusion

The report underscores the critical need for sustainable fisheries policies in Indonesia, emphasizing that current support measures, while important for economic and social development, may inadvertently lead to overfishing and environmental degradation. By improving data transparency, conducting detailed evaluations, and implementing more targeted and sustainable support mechanisms, Indonesia can better align its fisheries policies with its broader development objectives and international commitments, such as the SDGs.

Key Figures and Tables

• Figure ES1: Central-level support trends from FY2015 to FY2020.
• Figure ES2: Provincial-level support trends for Aceh, Maluku, and North Sulawesi.
• Table 1: Total fisheries sector production in 2019.
• Table 2: Export volume and value of major fisheries products in 2019.

Supporting Organizations

• International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD): A global think tank working on sustainable development issues.
• Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI): A program under IISD that focuses on aligning subsidies with sustainability goals.
• World Wildlife Fund (WWF): Provided input and expertise on fisheries support.
• Marine Change: Contributed to the report's analysis and recommendations.

Acknowledgements

The report acknowledges the contributions of numerous individuals and institutions, including government officials, fisheries experts, and consultants, who provided valuable insights and feedback during the research and development process. It also thanks the OECD and other organizations for their peer review and support.