2025-06-03-世界卫生组织-Environmental_Health_Slovakia_2025_country_profile_4页_266kb

Slovakia Summary

Core Content Overview

This summary presents an analysis of Slovakia's performance in key health and environmental indicators, including Exposure score, Health score, and Policy score, based on published data. The scores are out of 100, with the following values:

• Exposure score: 65
• Health score: 78
• Policy score: 56

The scorecard is not intended for ranking but serves as a tool to measure and track progress for Member States.

Key Areas and Information

1. Biodiversity

• Extent of the problem:

  • 38% of terrestrial and marine areas are protected.
  • The global target is to conserve 30% of land, waters, and seas by 2030.
  • Change in forest area from 1990 to 2020: 1% (240 km²).

• Health impact:

  • INSUFFICIENT DATA is noted for health impact.

• Policies:

  • Post-COP15 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan submitted: No.
  • View actions and interventions is available for further details.

2. Chemicals

• Extent of the problem:

  • Mean blood lead level in children under 5 years: 1 μg/dL.
  • Poisoning deaths in 100,000 children under five, per year: <1.

• Health impact:

  • INSUFFICIENT DATA is noted for health impact.

• Policies:

  • Existence of legal limit on lead paint: Yes.
  • Existence of a poison centre: Yes.
  • Party to the Minamata Convention on Mercury: Yes.
  • View actions and interventions is available for further details.

3. Radiation

• Extent of the problem:

  • International Health Regulations (IHR) capacity score for radiation emergencies: 780% (out of 100%).
  • Deaths per 100,000 people from melanoma and other skin cancers: 6.
  • Number of deaths per 100,000 people from residential radon: 4.

• Health impact:

  • INSUFFICIENT DATA is noted for health impact.

• Policies:

  • Existence of regulation of artificial tanning devices/sun beds: Yes.
  • Existence of national radon regulations for dwellings: N/A.
  • Existence of standards on electromagnetic fields: N/A.
  • View actions and interventions is available for further details.

References and Data Sources

The scorecard draws from a range of authoritative sources, including:

• Air pollution:

  • WHO global air quality guidelines 2021
  • WHO SDG Indicator 11.6.2, 2019 data
  • WHO household air pollution data: 2022 data
  • WHO Air pollution data portal: health impact data for 2019
  • UNEP 2021: Regulating air quality
  • WHO Household energy policy repository (updated 2024)

• Water, sanitation and hygiene:

  • WHO, UNICEF: Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene; 2022 data
  • WHO water, sanitation and hygiene: burden of disease, 2019 data
  • WHO GLAAS 2021/2022 cycle

• Climate change:

  • IEA 2023: Share of modern renewables in total final energy consumption
  • WHO Health and Climate Change Country Profiles
  • Honda et al. 2014 and Kendrovski et al. 2017: Projections for 2050
  • WHO Health and Climate Change Global Survey, 2021
  • WHO: Alliance for Transformative Action on Climate and Health (ATACH): Country Commitments, 2024 update
  • WHO 2023: Review of health in nationally determined contributions and long-term strategies
  • ATACH baselines, 2024 data

• Biodiversity:

  • World Bank Group, Terrestrial and marine protected areas, 2022 data
  • World Population Review 2024: Deforestation rates by country
  • FAO 2020: Global Forest Resources Assessment
  • CBD Online Reporting Tool 2024, updated 31 December 2024

• Chemicals:

  • IHME: Lead exposure estimates, 2023 data
  • WHO: International Health Regulations core capacity scores, 2023 data
  • WHO: Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings; 2021 data
  • WHO: Legally binding controls for lead paint, updated 2024
  • WHO: World directory of poisons centres, updated 2024
  • UNEP: Minamata Convention on Mercury, 2024 data

• Radiation:

  • WHO: International Health Regulations core capacity scores, 2023 data
  • WHO: Deaths from melanoma and other skin cancers, 2021 data
  • IHME: Deaths from residential radon, 2021 data
  • WHO: Electromagnetic fields, updated 2018
  • WHO: Sunbeds: Existence of national regulations, updated 2021
  • WHO: Existence of national radon regulations, 2019 data

• Occupational health:

  • ILOSTAT: Statistics on the informal economy, updated 2024
  • WHO: Disease burden from long working hours, 2016 data
  • WHO/IL0: Joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury, 2016 data
  • Pega et al. 2023
  • WHO: Occupational Burden of Disease Application
  • WHO: Existence of national policy instruments for occupational health and safety for health workers, 2023 data
  • ILO ratifications of: C155, C161, and C187, updated 2024

• Health care facilities:

  • WHO/UNICEF 2024: WASH in health care facilities 2023 data update
  • WHO: Database on electrification of health-care facilities, updated 2023
  • WHO/UNICEF Country progress tracker, updated 2023

Conclusion

Slovakia's performance in health and environmental indicators shows areas of both strength and opportunity. While the Exposure score is moderate (65), the Health score is relatively high (78), indicating some success in mitigating health risks. However, the Policy score is lower (56), suggesting that policy implementation may lag behind data availability and health outcomes. The scorecard emphasizes the importance of policy development and enforcement in addressing environmental and health challenges effectively.