世界银行-危机期间流离失所者：高频电话调查的经验教训以及如何保护最弱势群体（英）-2023-110页_15mb

Summary of "Displaced During Crisis"

Core Content

This report presents findings from high-frequency phone surveys (HFPS) conducted in 14 countries during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the welfare impacts on forcibly displaced populations (FDPs) and their host communities, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for policy development in response to the crisis.

Main Findings

1. Impact of the Pandemic on FDPs and Hosts

• The pandemic caused a severe global economic downturn, disproportionately affecting the poor and vulnerable.
• FDPs were more severely impacted than host populations, with larger initial employment losses and slower recovery.
• Many FDPs experienced significant job changes and had lower employment levels compared to host populations.
• Income losses were widespread among FDPs, and in some countries, assistance reductions were also reported.
• Food insecurity levels reached alarming heights, with FDPs consistently reporting worse outcomes than host populations.
• Long school closures led to substantial learning losses, particularly among displaced children.

2. Economic and Social Context

• FDPs are among the poorest and most marginalized groups globally.
• Extreme poverty has become increasingly concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa and fragile, conflict-affected countries.
• These countries host a significant share of the global poor despite comprising only 10% of the global population.
• Refugees often lack full legal rights to work, which correlates with lower employment levels.
• Host countries, particularly low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), are under significant development pressures, including high debt and low growth, which limited their ability to support displaced populations during the pandemic.

3. Data Collection and Methodology

• A newly harmonized database of phone surveys was developed to analyze the welfare of FDPs and host populations.
• The database includes data from 14 countries, covering various populations of concern (IDPs, refugees, hosts) and accommodation types (in camps, out of camps).
• The harmonization process involved standardized survey instruments and collaboration with national statistical offices.

4. Challenges and Limitations

• Significant data gaps exist for FDPs, making large-scale, reliable data collection essential.
• Biases in sampling and data collection were identified and addressed through multiple sampling frames and careful harmonization.
• The use of HFPS during the pandemic proved feasible, offering statistically robust and cost-effective insights into crisis dynamics.

5. Policy Implications

• Inclusive policies and support for self-reliance of displaced populations are critical to reducing the burden on host countries and improving long-term outcomes.
• Formal labor market access for refugees can enhance their economic participation and reduce reliance on humanitarian aid.
• Access to national education systems for refugee children is vital to promoting learning and reducing inequality.
• Sustainable financing solutions and predictable aid flows are necessary for long-term planning and support for displaced populations.
• The Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) and commitments to burden sharing are essential to ensure equitable support for displaced populations.

Key Information

• Total FDPs in 2019: Approximately 79 million, including 26 million refugees, 46 million IDPs, 4 million asylum seekers, and 4 million others in need of international protection.
• Protracted Displacement: By the end of 2021, about 15.9 million people, or 74% of the global refugee population, were in protracted situations.
• Host Country Income Distribution: 43% of FDPs were hosted in low-income countries (LICs), and about half were in middle-income countries (MICs).
• Displacement Trends: Displacement increased to over 100 million by 2022, largely due to factors unrelated to the pandemic.
• Economic Impact: The pandemic exacerbated existing economic challenges, with many countries experiencing a decline in GDP growth and an increase in government debt.
• Aid Trends: External aid for FDPs declined in 2020, even as overall aid increased. Aid to displaced populations as a proportion of total aid varied by region.
• Learning Losses: School closures had a major impact on education, with displaced children being particularly affected due to their disadvantaged position.

Conclusion

The report emphasizes the importance of data collection and harmonization in understanding the complex welfare dynamics of displaced populations during crises. It calls for more inclusive policies, sustainable financing, and improved access to labor and education to support displaced populations and reduce the burden on host countries. The use of HFPS during the pandemic demonstrates the potential for real-time, cost-effective data collection that can inform policy responses and improve outcomes for vulnerable groups.