电力储存技术简介（英文版）_28页

Electricity Storage Summary

Core Content

Electricity storage is a critical technology for managing the variability of renewable energy sources and ensuring grid stability. It involves converting electricity into other forms of energy (such as potential, thermal, chemical, or magnetic energy) for storage and later conversion back to electricity. This process is both technically challenging and costly due to energy losses and the need for specialized equipment.

Currently, the global electricity storage capacity is modest, at about 110 GW, and is mainly used for load-leveling, frequency and voltage regulation, and renewable integration. The increasing share of renewables and the rising cost of peak-load electricity are expected to drive significant growth in the storage market.

Main Technologies and Their Characteristics

Key Viewpoints

• Pumped hydro is the most mature and widely used technology, accounting for 95% of global storage capacity. It is suitable for large-scale applications but not for small or residential uses.
• CAES has potential but is limited by the availability of suitable natural storage sites.
• Flywheels offer high efficiency and short response times, making them ideal for frequency regulation and UPS. However, they are expensive and require specialized materials.
• Supercapacitors have high power density and short response times but lower energy density compared to batteries. They are often used in conjunction with batteries to improve system performance.
• Vanadium Redox Flow Cells are promising for renewable integration but have lower energy density and are still in pre-commercial stages.
• Li-ion batteries are dominant in portable devices and are being explored for use in electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. They have high energy density and efficiency but are currently expensive for large-scale applications.

Key Information

• Global Storage Capacity: Approximately 110 GW in 2012, with pumped hydro accounting for 95% of this.
• Market Growth: The energy storage market is expected to grow rapidly, with projections of increasing 20-fold between 2010 and 2020.
• Future Needs: To accommodate a high share of variable renewables like wind and solar, storage capacity could reach 90 GW in Western Europe by 2050 and 190-300 GW globally.
• Policy Support: Policy measures are crucial for the commercial deployment of storage technologies, especially for those in demonstration or pre-commercial phases.
• Synergies: Storage technologies offer synergies with grid interconnection and demand-side management, making them essential for the transformation of electricity systems.

Barriers and Potential

• Barriers: Limited natural sites for CAES, high costs and technical challenges for most storage technologies, and the need for policy support.
• Potential: Electrical batteries, particularly Li-ion, have significant potential for cost reduction due to ongoing R&D and learning rates. Pumped hydro and CAES still offer considerable expansion potential.
• Emerging Trends: The integration of electric vehicles into the grid could provide distributed storage solutions at low cost. Smart grid technologies are expected to drive the market growth of grid-tied Li-ion batteries.

Conclusion

Electricity storage is essential for the integration of renewable energy and the stability of power grids. While pumped hydro remains the dominant technology, the future lies in the development and commercialization of other technologies, especially batteries and flow cells, which are being improved for efficiency and cost. Policymakers should prioritize integrating storage considerations into grid planning and support the development of these technologies to ensure a sustainable and reliable energy future.