2017年-世界发展银行全球_The_Status_of_Infrastructure_Services_in_East_Asia_and_Pacific_129页_5mb

Summary of Infrastructure Services in East Asia and the Pacific

Core Content

This report provides an analysis of the current status of infrastructure services in the East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) region, focusing on access, quality, tariffs, and private sector participation. It highlights the disparities in service delivery and identifies areas requiring focused investment to meet development goals and support economic growth.

Main Points

• Infrastructure's Role: Infrastructure is vital for economic and social development, helping to reduce poverty, inequality, and improve productivity and environmental sustainability.
• Economic Growth: The EAP region has experienced strong economic growth, but infrastructure development remains a challenge.
• Funding Gap: The World Bank estimates that EAP (excluding China) will require USD 52 billion by 2020 to maintain current growth levels. ADB estimates a larger gap of USD 330-459 billion.
• Benchmark Countries: Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea are used as benchmarks due to their high income levels and advanced infrastructure.

Key Sectors and Findings

Access to Infrastructure

• Electricity: Overall access is high at 96.5%, but about 60 million people still lack access. Urban access is significantly higher than rural, with rural access in most ASEAN countries above 90%, except for Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and the Philippines. In the Pacific Islands, access is generally below 60%, with only Fiji and Samoa achieving near-total coverage.
• Piped Water Supply: Access is relatively low in the region, with only benchmark countries and Malaysia achieving high levels (over 90%). Indonesia, Myanmar, and Papua New Guinea have the lowest access, with Indonesia at 33%.
• Sewerage: Access to sewerage is even lower than piped water. Only high-income countries have full access. Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar have the lowest levels, with Myanmar at 19%.
• Rural Roads: Access to non-seasonal paved roads is measured using geospatial modeling. The highest access is in Brunei and South Korea (>90%). The lowest is in Myanmar, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Laos (30-60%). In the Pacific Islands, access is generally low, with Timor-Leste at a comparable level to ASEAN nations.

Quality of Infrastructure

• Electricity Quality: T&D losses vary significantly, from 2% in Singapore to over 20% in Cambodia and Myanmar. Losses in Cambodia are due to inefficiency in low-voltage supply, while in Myanmar, outdated infrastructure and twisted connections are the main causes. OECD countries have an average of 6% losses, with Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines at 9%.
• Water and Sanitation Quality: Water quality is generally good, but wastewater treatment is a concern. Only benchmark countries and Malaysia have high wastewater treatment rates. Cambodia, Myanmar, and Papua New Guinea show the lowest performance in water and sanitation quality.
• Road Quality: Road quality is assessed based on surface condition and length. China and benchmark countries are at the top, while Indonesia and the Philippines show below-average performance. Road quality in the Pacific Islands is generally poor.

Tariffs and Cost Recovery

• Electricity Tariffs: The average residential tariff in the region is USD 0.05-0.25/kWh. Benchmark countries and Malaysia have the lowest tariffs, while countries like Indonesia and the Philippines have higher ones.
• Water Tariffs: Residential water tariffs range from USD 0.01 to USD 0.42/m³. Benchmark countries have the lowest tariffs, while some countries in the region show a negative OCCR, indicating insufficient cost recovery.

Private Sector Participation

• Private sector involvement is limited, with governments accounting for the majority of infrastructure funding and provision.
• The report emphasizes the need to explore alternative financing and technical support to address the infrastructure funding gap.

Conclusion

The report underscores the need for improved infrastructure data reporting, particularly in the Pacific Islands and sanitation sectors. It highlights the importance of focusing on under-served populations and the role of private sector participation in addressing the region's infrastructure challenges.