2021-09-30-IRENA-Renewable_Energy_and_Jobs_-_Annual_Review_2021_98页_12mb

报告摘要

Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 2021

Key Findings:

Employment: Renewable energy employed 12 million people globally in 2020 (up from 11.5 million in 2019), driven by solar PV (4 million), liquid biofuels (2.4 million), wind (1.25 million), and hydropower (2.2 million jobs).
Trends:
- Solar PV: Dominates employment, largely concentrated in Asia (China), followed by Europe and the US. Strong growth driven by falling costs.
- Wind: Offshore wind expands rapidly, offering more jobs than onshore initially; Europe leads in deployment and jobs.
- Bioenergy: Labour-intensive, but mechanization is reducing jobs in some regions. Significant in Latin America (Brazil) and Asia (Southeast Asia).
- Gender: Women constitute about 32% of the global renewables workforce, with higher representation in some countries/sectors. Policies promoting gender equity are recommended.
COVID-19 Impact:
- Renewables underperformed fossil fuels initially but recovered from disruption.
- Job losses occurred, especially in transport biofuels; the crisis accelerated trends like remote work and digital training.
- Off-grid solar and mini-grid deployment slowed due to funding constraints and borders.
Outlook (1.5°C Scenario):
- 43 million renewable energy jobs by 2050 (up from 18 million under PES).
- Solar PV leads in job creation globally by 2050.
- Requires tripling renewables investment by 2030 to achieve climate goals.
- Job creation shifts from construction/installation to operations/maintenance.
Skills & Justice:
- Reskilling needed across the renewable energy workforce.
- Expanding skills includes addressing synergies (e.g., oil & gas to wind) and local value chains.
- Achieving a just transition requires integrating labour market policies, social protection, and workforce planning.
Challenges:
- Insufficient local manufacturing capacity.
- Meagre wages and weak worker protections in some renewables supply chains.
- Need for stronger national coordination between energy, labour, and education policies.