2022-03-04-中德能源与能效合作伙伴-德国电力系统中的灵活性技术和措施（英文版）_58页_2mb

报告摘要

graph TD
    A[Flexibility Technologies & Measures] --> B1[Retrofit Conventional Power Plants]
    A --> B2[Biomass & Biogas Power Plants]
    A --> B3[Pumped-Storage Power Plants]
    A --> B4[Batteries]
    A --> B5[Demand-Side Flexibility]
    A --> B6[System Operation Flexibility]
    A --> B7[Market Design]

Executive Summary

Germany aims to achieve climate neutrality by 2045, requiring expanded flexibility measures in its electricity system. Flexibility refers to the ability to adjust generation/load to address variability from renewable energy sources (like wind and solar PV), particularly due to high residual load gradients (up to 10 percentage points).

Flexibility options include:

Technical measures: Retrofitting conventional power plants (coal, gas), biomass/biogas plants, and battery storage (e.g., 450 MW conventional capacity flexibility, 3 GW+ projected for batteries).
Demand-Side Flexibility: Industrial, commercial, and residential (e.g., demand-response from 2,416 MW to potential 7–21 GW).
System Operation: Increased use of redispatch (*~*16.7 TWh in 2019) and curtailment, grid expansion, and cross-border interconnectors (e.g., NordLink cable).
Market Design: Granular markets and ancillary services (e.g., primary/secondary control energy, bid increments starting at 0.1 €/MWh).

Key Analytical Findings

1. Retrofit Conventional Power Plants

Hard Coal Plants: PMin ~40%, ramp rate ~3–5% Pn/min, t ~1.5–3.5 h.
Lignite Plants: PMin ~50–60%, ramp rate ~1–4% Pn/min, t ~4–10 h.
Gas Plants: PMin ~20–30%, ramp rate ~8–12% Pn/min, t near 0.1 h (highest flexibility).

2. Other Technical Options

Biomass/Biogas: High potential (~5 GW in 2018, ~16 GW by 2030), incentivized by flexibility premiums (€40–130/kW/year).
Pumped-Storage: Installed capacity ~6.7 GW, projected expansion to 12 GW by 2025.
Batteries/Large-Scale Storage: 450 MW in 2019, ~5 GW more stable to delivdrastically reduced curtailment volumes through grid expansion and redispatch 2.0 reforms.

3. Demand-Side Flexibility

Interruption Potential: 2,416 MW pre-qualified, expanding to 15 GW by 2030 via smart meters and digital tariffs.

4. Market and Regulatory Toolkit

Ancillary Services: Market-based control energy auctions (Primary: 30s ramp, Secondary: 5-min, Tertiary: 15-min).
Grid Boosters: LSBs/DSA contracted (up to €0.5/MWh for load).
Support Schemes: EEG supplements (€40–65/kW/year), with renewables now eligible for grid boosters.
Cross-Border Exchanges: Increases through infrastructure like NordLink (1.4 GW).

Conclusion

Total Flexibility Capacity: Supports >15 GW of additional flexibility by 2030, centralizing storage through virtual power plants.
Key Obstacles:
- Fragmented regulatory incentives
- Grid bottlenecks limiting storage deployment
- Persisting high investment costs for retrofits (€400–1,400/kW for PtX systems)
Priority Actions:
- En shorthen flexibility prequalification/market integration.
- Accelerate grid expansion and ammonia/PtX pilot projects.