2010年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Chad_Country_Profile_2009_15页_1mb

Chad Country Profile 2009 Enterprise Survey Summary

Core Content Overview

The Chad Country Profile 2009 is part of the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys, which aim to evaluate the business environment and firm productivity across various sectors. The surveys are conducted in the non-agricultural formal private economy and include data on infrastructure, trade, regulations, corruption, crime, and financial services. The data is benchmarked against the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region and the Low Income income group.

Main Topics and Key Indicators

1. Business Environment Obstacles

• The business environment in Chad is perceived as having significant obstacles, particularly related to corruption, regulations, and infrastructure deficiencies.
• Corruption is a major concern, with firms often facing informal payments and bribes.
• Regulatory and licensing burdens are high, increasing the time and cost of business operations.
• Infrastructure issues, such as power outages and water shortages, are widespread and affect firm productivity and profitability.

2. Average Firm Characteristics

• The average firm in Chad has been in operation for 14.7 years.
• Female participation in management is low, with only 6.8% of firms having a female top manager.
• Female ownership participation is 40.1%, indicating a moderate level of involvement.
• Ownership structures are dominated by sole proprietorships (56.5%), followed by closed shareholding companies (21.8%) and limited partnerships (12.4%).
• Private domestic ownership accounts for 79.4%, while private foreign ownership is 18.7%.

3. Infrastructure

• Power outages are frequent, with an average of 22.6 per month.
• Water shortages occur about 6.8 times per month, with an average duration of 2.7 hours.
• Delays in obtaining electricity, water, and telephone connections are significant, with an average delay of 10.6 days for electricity and 6.4 days for water.
• These delays and shortages increase operational costs and reduce firm efficiency.

4. Trade

• 11.8% of firms in Chad are exporters, with a higher percentage of medium firms (14.8%) using foreign material inputs.
• Customs clearance delays are a major challenge, with an average of 11.9 days for exports and 27.5 days for imports.
• Losses during export due to theft and damage are relatively low, at 1.7% and 2.0%, respectively.

5. Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

• The Graft Index in Chad is 40.8, indicating a high incidence of informal payments.
• Corruption in meetings with tax inspectors is reported by 21.2% of firms.
• Corruption in securing government contracts is 47.3%, with medium firms being more affected.
• Construction permits require bribes from 58.6% of firms.
• Import licenses are expected to require bribes from 28.1% of firms.
• Operating licenses are expected to require bribes from 52.6% of firms.
• The time spent dealing with government regulations by senior management is 20.8%.
• The average number of meetings with tax officials is 3.4.
• Open shareholding companies are rare, with only 5.4% of firms in Chad being open.

6. Corruption

• Corruption significantly impacts the business environment in Chad, increasing costs and reducing operational efficiency.
• Bribes are common in obtaining various permits and licenses.
• The Graft Index is a composite measure showing the proportion of firms that were asked or expected to pay informal payments when applying for public services.

7. Crime and Informality

• Crime is perceived as a threat to business operations, with 31.0% of firms believing the court system is fair.
• Security costs account for 1.7% of sales, with losses due to theft, robbery, etc., at 2.5% of sales.
• Informality is prevalent, with 77.1% of firms being formally registered when starting operations.

8. Finance

• Internal finance is the primary source of investment, with 86.6% of firms relying on it.
• Bank finance accounts for 2.5%, while trade credit and equity are used by 8.6% and 2.3% of firms, respectively.
• External financing for working capital is 15.1%.
• Collateral requirements for loans are high, averaging 136.4% of the loan amount.
• Access to banking services is relatively high, with 20.6% of firms having bank loans or lines of credit.
• Checking or savings accounts are held by 95.9% of firms, indicating a degree of financial inclusion.

Summary of Key Indicators

Conclusion

The Enterprise Surveys highlight that Chad faces significant challenges in its business environment, particularly in terms of corruption, regulatory inefficiencies, and infrastructure shortcomings. Despite these challenges, there is a relatively high level of financial inclusion and formal registration among firms, suggesting some level of institutional development. The data also shows that sole proprietorships dominate the private sector, and female participation in management and ownership is low. These findings can guide policy reforms aimed at improving the business climate and supporting firm growth and development.