2014年-世界发展银行全球_Safe_and_Resilient_Infrastructure_in_the_Philippines___Applications_of_International_Experience_66页_1mb

Summary of Safe and Resilient Infrastructure in the Philippines: Applications of International Experience

Core Content

This report provides an in-depth analysis of earthquake risk management in the Philippines, focusing on the development and implementation of a Safe and Resilient Infrastructure Program. It highlights the importance of integrating seismic risk reduction into broader disaster risk management (DRRM) strategies and draws on international experiences from countries such as California, Romania, Turkey, and Indonesia to guide the Philippines in improving its infrastructure resilience.

Main Points

• Philippines as a Disaster Hotspot: The Philippines is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, facing frequent earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, and monsoon rains. These natural hazards significantly limit sustainable development and pose major risks to human and economic security.

• Economic and Human Impact: Severe weather events, such as Typhoon Yolanda (2013), have caused massive damage and loss, with over 6,200 fatalities and economic losses estimated at US$12.8 billion. Catastrophe risk modeling indicates that the country may face annual losses of up to US$4.6 billion from earthquakes and related hazards.

• Policy Framework: The 2010 Philippine DRRM Act (Republic Act No. 10121) emphasizes ex-ante actions such as preparedness, prevention, and mitigation over emergency response. The National DRRM Framework and Plan (2011–28) outlines strategies for sectoral agencies to implement these policies.

• MMEIRS Initiative: The Metro Manila Earthquake Impact Reduction Study (MMEIRS), conducted from 2002 to 2004, was a key effort to improve the structural resilience of public assets in Metro Manila. It developed a master plan for earthquake risk management and identified 105 priority actions, 40 of which were high-priority, including strengthening buildings against earthquakes.

• Retrofitting Schools: Under the Safe and Resilient Infrastructure Program, the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) has assessed the vulnerability of schools in Metro Manila. The prioritization methodology showed that strengthening the most vulnerable 5% of school buildings could save over 6,000 lives, while strengthening the most vulnerable 40% could save over 19,000 lives. This is more cost-effective than building new schools.

• International Experience: The report reviews successful earthquake risk management programs from other countries:

  • California: A multidimensional approach has led to improved building codes, legal frameworks, and public-private collaboration in seismic risk reduction.
  • Romania: A 44-building pilot project demonstrated the effectiveness of both structural and functional retrofitting, along with improved regulatory measures.
  • Turkey: The Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Project (ISMEP) has successfully retrofitted over 800 buildings and improved legal and emergency management systems.
  • Indonesia: A low-cost pilot project in the education sector used materials like chicken wire mesh and nonstructural measures such as evacuation simulations and disaster education.

Key Information

• Risk Phases: Earthquake risk management programs typically consist of three phases: risk audit, detailed risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis, and implementation.
• Prioritization Methodology: A systematic approach to identifying and upgrading the most vulnerable structures is essential for maximizing the impact of limited resources.
• Technical Components:
  • High-resolution hazard mapping to inform land use and infrastructure planning.
  • Integration of retrofitting standards into the national structural code (NSCP).
  • Strengthening enforcement of building codes and improving construction quality.
  • Prioritizing structures for retrofitting based on risk and vulnerability assessments.

Conclusion

An integrated earthquake risk management program is critical for enhancing the resilience of the Philippines against natural disasters. Drawing from international best practices, the report advocates for a phased approach that includes risk assessment, prioritization, and implementation. The DPWH has committed to upgrading approximately 200 of the most vulnerable public school buildings in Metro Manila as the cornerstone of this initiative, with plans to scale up to other sectors and locations. The report underscores the importance of legislative and regulatory support, as well as the application of lessons from past disasters, in creating a safer and more resilient infrastructure system.