2014年-世界发展银行全球_Crowdsourced_Geographic_Information_Use_in_Government_76页_4mb

报告摘要

CROWDSOURCED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION USE IN GOVERNMENT

Core Content

This report, authored by researchers from the University College London (UCL) and the World Bank's Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), explores the use of crowdsourced geographic information (VGI) in government. It is part of the Open Data for Resilience Initiative (OpenDRI), which focuses on using open data to enhance disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. The report provides a comprehensive analysis of how governments can effectively integrate VGI into their operations and outlines key lessons from various case studies.

Main Viewpoints

VGI as a Valuable Resource: Volunteered geographic information, generated by the public through crowdsourcing, is increasingly recognized as a useful and reliable source of data for governments.
Government-Citizen Collaboration: There are established examples of successful collaboration between governments and the public in areas such as disaster risk reduction, land management, and biodiversity monitoring.
Lessons from GIS History: Many of the challenges and opportunities faced in VGI projects are similar to those encountered during the early implementation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in government.
Organizational and Legal Barriers: While technical challenges can be overcome, organizational practices, regulations, and legal issues (such as licensing) are more likely to restrict the adoption of VGI.
Best Practices for Crowdsourcing: Brabham (2013) outlines ten best practices for implementing crowdsourcing in government, including clear problem definition, transparency, and community engagement.

Key Information

Definition of VGI: Volunteered geographic information (VGI) refers to geographic data collected and shared by the public, often through digital platforms.
Scope of the Report: The report covers a range of case studies from various countries, including the Philippines, Indonesia, Nepal, Kenya, South Sudan, South Africa, and others.
Case Study Structure: Each case study includes context, project description, positive and negative outcomes, and key lessons. They are categorized based on the direction of data flow between government and public (e.g., Public→Government, Government→Public→Government).
Challenges: VGI projects face issues such as coverage bias, temporal bias, participation bias, sustainability, and legal concerns.
Recommendations: The report emphasizes the need for clear communication, defined responsibilities, sustainable funding, and policies that support the use of VGI.

Research Methodology

The research was conducted over six months.
Seven initial case studies were developed collaboratively by the research team.
A questionnaire was created to gather more data, and it was integrated into a website.
The website was promoted through email lists and social media between late February and early May 2014.
Incentives were offered to contributors, including donations to OpenStreetMap (OSM) or Amazon vouchers.
Despite limited responses, the research team continued to identify and compile additional case studies, resulting in a total of 29.

Case Studies Overview

Case Study	Interaction Type	Trigger Event	Domain	Organization	Actors	Data Sets	Process	Feedback	Goal	Side Effects	Contact Point
Participatory mapping and decision support tools for disaster risk reduction, the Philippines	Public→Government	Training and technical assistance	Disaster risk reduction	Local government units	NGOs, local authorities	Basemap information, InaSAFE impact modeling	Training, impact analysis	Improved disaster preparedness	To create basemap and perform impact analysis	-	-
Community Mapping for Exposure in Indonesia	Government→Public→Government	Natural disaster	Natural disaster preparedness	Local government, universities	Volunteers, NGOs	Spatial and attribute data	Data collection via OSM	Thematic maps for disaster planning	To reduce vulnerability to natural disasters	-	-
Flood preparedness through OpenStreetMap, Jakarta, Indonesia	Public→Government	Natural disaster	Disaster risk planning	Local authorities	University students	Critical infrastructure data	Paper maps, OSM data entry	Maps for flood risk planning	To improve flood preparedness	-	-
Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team mapping in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia	Public→Government	Natural disaster	Smart city development	World Bank/ICT, HOT	Local officials, volunteers	Updated topographic map	Workshops, OSM community building	Support for smart city initiatives	To create an updated topographic map	-	-
Mapping schools and health facilities in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal	Public→Government	Earthquake risk	Disaster preparedness	Kathmandu officials	NGOs	Education and health infrastructure data	Crowdsourced mapping	Humanitarian efforts support	To minimize future disaster impact	-	-
Informal settlement mapping, Map Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya	Public→Government	Urban development	Urban planning	Local NGOs	Residents, volunteers	GPS data, SMS/voice/video reports	GPS tracking, SMS reporting	Improved urban understanding	To improve reputation and provide accurate data	-	-
Mapping of South Sudan	Public→Government	Nation creation	Land management	Local organizations	Volunteers	Aerial imagery, local knowledge	Workshops, digitization	Recruitment of new volunteers	To create a temporal and up-to-date map	-	-
iCitizen, mapping service delivery, South Africa	Public→Government	Infrastructure management	Service delivery	Local government	Citizens	Geotagged photos, data points	Mobile data collection	Improved infrastructure reporting	To involve the public in service delivery	-	-
Skandobs, Scandinavian predator tracking system, Norway and Sweden	Public→Government	Legislation	Biodiversity monitoring	Government agencies	Volunteers	Observation data	Observation collection	Data for wildlife monitoring	To track predator populations	-	-
Corine Land Cover 2006 in OpenStreetMap, France	Public→Government	Data sharing	Environmental monitoring	Government, OSM	Volunteers	Land cover data	Data integration	-	To share and update land cover data	-	-
FixMyStreet for municipality maintenance information, UK	Public→Government	Infrastructure maintenance	Public space management	Local authorities	Citizens	Maintenance data	Reporting via mobile	Improved maintenance response	To report infrastructure issues	-	-
FINTAN vernacular placenames project, UK	Public→Government	Data collection	Cultural mapping	Ordnance Survey	Volunteers	Placenames data	Data collection via OSM	-	To collect and share placenames	-	-
Towns Conquer, Spain	Public→Government	Education	Toponym mapping	Instituto Geografico Nacional	Volunteers	Toponym data	Gamification, OSM integration	-	To map toponyms	-	-
National Biodiversity Data Centre, Ireland	Public→Government	Environmental monitoring	Biodiversity	Government	Volunteers	Biodiversity data	Data collection and sharing	-	To monitor biodiversity	-	-
Haiti disaster response	Public→Government	Natural disaster	Disaster response	NGOs, government	Volunteers	OSM data	Crowdsourced mapping	Support for humanitarian efforts	To improve disaster response	-	-
Mapping for Natural Resources Canada	Government→Public	Environmental data	Resource management	Government	Public	Environmental data	Data sharing	-	To improve resource management	-	-
Boston StreetBump, US	Government→Public	Urban management	Infrastructure monitoring	City authorities	Citizens	Road condition data	Mobile app, crowdsourced data	Improved road maintenance	To monitor road conditions	-	-
Open data initiative, New York City, US	Government→Public	Open data policy	Public information	Government	Public	Open data sets	Data sharing	-	To promote open data	-	-
Imagery to the Crowd, US	Government→Public	Humanitarian use	Crisis mapping	Government	Volunteers	Satellite imagery	Crowdsourced image analysis	-	To improve crisis mapping	-	-
OpenStreetMap community of practice, US	Government→Public	Data sharing	Mapping	US Census Bureau	Volunteers	OSM data	Community engagement	-	To support OSM community	-	-
Crowdsourcing The National Map, US	Government→Public	Data collection	National mapping	Government	Volunteers	National map data	Crowdsourced data collection	-	To create a national map	-	-
"Did you feel it?" US Geological Survey	Public→Government	Seismic events	Earthquake monitoring	USGS	Public	Seismic data	User reporting	-	To monitor earthquake impact	-	-
Places of Interest project, US	Government→Public	Tourism	Tourism development	National Park Service	Volunteers	Points of interest data	Crowdsourced data	-	To improve tourism services	-	-
California Roadkill Observation System (CROS), US	Public→Government	Wildlife monitoring	Environmental protection	Government	Volunteers	Roadkill data	Data collection via app	-	To monitor wildlife	-	-
Shelter Associates, slum mapping in India	Public→Government	Urban development	Slum mapping	NGOs	Volunteers	Slum data	Data collection and mapping	-	To improve urban planning	-	-
Crowdsourcing satellite imagery in Somalia	Public→Government	Humanitarian aid	Crisis mapping	NGOs	Volunteers	Satellite imagery	Image analysis	-	To support humanitarian efforts	-	-
Agricultural data collection and sharing by Community Knowledge Workers, Uganda	Public→Government	Agricultural planning	Rural development	Government	Volunteers	Agricultural data	Data collection	-	To improve agricultural data	-	-
Twitter use in Italian municipalities	Public→Government	Emergency response	Public safety	Municipalities	Citizens	Social media data	Data collection	-	To improve emergency response	-	-
Portland TriMet, transportation planner, US	Government→Public	Transportation planning	Urban mobility	Government	Volunteers	Transportation data	Data collection	-	To improve transportation planning	-	-

Summary and Way Forward

The report concludes that while VGI is a promising tool for government, its successful implementation requires attention to organizational, legal, and technical factors. It recommends that governments should:

Clearly define the problem and solution parameters.
Engage with the online community and understand their motivations.
Invest in user-friendly and well-designed tools.
Develop policies that address legal and intellectual property rights.
Promote transparency and responsiveness.
Encourage community involvement and maintain user participation.
Ensure sustainable funding and long-term support for VGI projects.

The report also highlights the importance of learning from past GIS implementations and adapting those lessons to the context of VGI. By doing so, governments can better harness the power of crowdsourced geographic information to improve decision-making, enhance public engagement, and build more resilient communities.

References and Sources

Haklay, M., Antoniou, V., Basiouka, S., Soden, R., and Mooney, P. 2014, Crowdsourced geographic information use in government, Report to GFDRR (World Bank). London.
Brabham, D. C. (2013) Best practices for crowdsourcing in government.
OpenStreetMap (OSM) and various NGOs, government agencies, and international organizations contributed to the case studies.

展开完整摘要