2015年-世界发展银行全球_Kyrgyz_Republic___Insights_on_Household_Access_to_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_28页_1mb

Summary of Report No. 99774-KG: Insights on Household Access to Water Supply and Sanitation in the Kyrgyz Republic

Core Content

This report provides insights into household access to water supply and sanitation (WSS) services in the Kyrgyz Republic, analyzing data from the Kyrgyz Integrated Households Survey (KIHS) conducted in 2005 and 2012. The findings highlight the uneven distribution of WSS services between urban and rural areas, as well as among different income groups. The report emphasizes the importance of reliable data for policy-making and reform in the WSS sector, and suggests improvements to data collection and monitoring mechanisms.

Main Points and Key Findings

1. Access to Water Supply Services

• Improvement in Access: According to national statistics, access to safe drinking water improved from 84% to 93% between 2005 and 2012. However, this does not reflect the significant disparities in access across regions.
• Regional Disparities:
  • Full coverage by a piped system exists only in Bishkek.
  • High coverage (over 90%) is observed in Chui, Issyk-Kul, Talas, and Jalal-Abad oblasts.
  • Low coverage (71% in Batken, 89% in Osh and Naryn) indicates inadequate access in some areas.
• Main Water Sources:
  • In urban areas, the use of communal water taps increased from 25% to 32% (2005–2012), while household piped water supply decreased.
  • In rural areas, the use of unsafe open sources declined from 23% to 9%, but still, half of rural residents rely on communal taps.
• Distance to Water Source:
  • Rural and poor households have to travel significantly farther (200–500 meters) to access water compared to urban and non-poor households.
  • About 68% of rural residents and 61% of the poor use water sources not on their premises.
• Water Interruptions:
  • In 2012, over 80% of rural residents experienced water interruptions, with 7% affected monthly.
  • In urban areas, about 40% of the population had interruptions at least once a year.
  • Poor households had a significantly higher frequency of interruptions than non-poor households.
• Water Expenditures:
  • Annual expenditures on cold water increased in real terms by 3 times from 2005 to 2012.
  • In 2012, urban households spent 1050 soms and rural households spent 730 soms on cold water.
  • Tariff collection remains incomplete, especially in Talas, Osh, Jalal-Abad, and Issyk-Kul oblasts.
• Hot Water Supply:
  • Centralized hot water supply is limited to apartments in Bishkek and Osh.
  • Only 11% of the population had access to piped hot water in 2012.
  • Rural areas had minimal access (1%), which may explain the high usage of public bath/shower rooms.

2. Access to Sanitation Services

• Sanitation Infrastructure:
  • Most sewage and water treatment systems were built in the 1960s–1980s and have deteriorated significantly.
  • Only 6–17% of total housing stock has access to sewage and water treatment systems.
• Approved Sanitation Facilities:
  • Access to approved sanitation facilities is low and varies across regions.
  • In 2012, only 85% of the capital's population had access to approved sanitation facilities.
  • Chui oblast had the highest access at 45%, while other regions had lower rates.
• Toilet Types:
  • Improved sanitation facilities include flush toilets, septic tanks, pit latrines, and composting toilets.
  • Most households still use toilets with cesspools, which are expensive to maintain.
• Sanitation Access by Income and Residence:
  • Urban poor households had better access to sanitation services than rural poor households.
  • Over 50% of urban and 64% of rural populations had to use public bath/shower rooms.

3. Limitations of the KIHS

• Data Gaps:
  • The KIHS does not collect information on time spent transporting water, though it can be estimated from distance data.
  • It lacks detailed information on water quality and infrastructure maintenance.
• Usage for Policy-Making:
  • Despite its comprehensive nature, the KIHS has not been widely used for decision-making in WSS.
• Recommendations:
  • The KIHS should be improved to better monitor WSS progress.
  • Combining household survey data with administrative data can provide a more robust evidence base for policy-making.
  • Enhancing the questionnaire on WSS services would improve its utility for monitoring and decision-making.

Key Information

• KIHS: The Kyrgyz Integrated Households Survey is the main source of data on poverty and WSS in the country. It has been conducted since 2003 and is representative at the national, regional, and urban/rural levels.
• MDGs: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) highlight the importance of access to safe water and sanitation as a means to reduce poverty and improve health.
• WSS Sector Challenges:
  • Fragmented institutional structures in the WSS sector (municipal utilities in urban areas and village administrations in rural areas) hinder system-wide reforms.
  • Lack of funding and resources leads to poor maintenance and unreliable services.
  • The revenue/cost ratio for water delivery ranges from 0.32 to 1, indicating insufficient revenues to cover costs.
• Poverty and WSS Mapping:
  • Poverty and water access are highly correlated at the rayon level.
  • Toguz-Toro, Ak-Syi, Toktogul, and Ala Buka rayons in Jalal-Abad oblast have high poverty rates and low access to water supply.
  • Chui oblast has relatively high water access and low poverty rates.

Conclusion

The KIHS is a valuable source of information for understanding disparities in access to WSS services, particularly between urban and rural areas and among income groups. However, its potential for policy-making and monitoring is limited due to data gaps and the lack of integration with administrative data. Improving the survey and combining it with other data sources can enhance the ability to make informed decisions in the WSS sector, ultimately contributing to poverty reduction and improved public health.