2012年-世界发展银行全球_Household_Income_Generation_Strategies_18页_930kb

Summary of the World Development Report 2013 Background Paper: Household Income Generation Strategies

Core Content

This background paper provides a descriptive analysis of household income generation strategies across 19 countries, utilizing data from the Rural Income Generating Activities (RIGA) and Urban-Rural Income Generating Activities (URIGA) databases. The study combines both rural and urban household data to illustrate the characteristics and dynamics of income generation at the national level, similar to the approach taken in Davis et al. (2010). The analysis includes cross-sectional and longitudinal data, with some countries having panel data.

Main Categories of Income Generating Activities

The paper categorizes income generating activities into the following main groups:

• Agricultural: Includes crop activities, livestock activities, and agricultural wage employment.
• Non-agricultural: Encompasses non-agricultural wage employment, self-employment (household nonfarm enterprises), transfers, and other non-labor sources.
• On-farm: Combines crop and livestock activities.
• Nonfarm: Includes non-agricultural wage employment and self-employment.
• Off-farm: Combines agricultural wage employment with non-agricultural activities.

For the analysis of nonfarm activities, additional industry group aggregations are made:

• Manufacturing and Construction
• Utilities, Transport, Storage, Communication, Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, and Services
• Agriculture, Fishing, Forestry, and Mining

Key Findings

Participation in Income Generating Activities

• On-farm activities show high participation across all countries, with a slight negative trend as per capita GDP (PCGDP) increases.
• Nonfarm activities demonstrate a positive relationship with PCGDP, with wealthier countries showing higher participation in nonfarm sectors.
• Agricultural wage employment is negatively correlated with PCGDP, with poorer households more involved in such activities.
• Non-agricultural wage employment shows a weak positive relationship with PCGDP, indicating that as countries develop, more households participate in this sector.

Income Shares

• On-farm income decreases with increasing PCGDP, while nonfarm income increases.
• Non-agricultural wage employment and self-employment are more significant income sources in wealthier countries.
• Transfers (public and private) play a more prominent role in the income of wealthier countries compared to poorer ones.
• Other non-labor income sources are less significant across all countries.

Income Diversification

• Diversification is a common strategy among households, with most households having diversified income portfolios.
• Specialization is not uncommon, particularly in on-farm activities among poorer households and in non-agricultural wage employment among wealthier ones.
• The share of households with specialized income sources varies by country and level of development.

Country-Specific Insights

• Indonesia and Bolivia have the lowest participation rates in on-farm activities.
• Bolivia has the highest participation in nonfarm activities (nearly 90%).
• Nigeria has a relatively low participation in non-agricultural activities, with the lowest at 45.2%.
• Bangladesh and Guatemala show high participation in self-employment, particularly from commerce activities, which can account for up to 68% of self-employment income.

Trends and Relationships

• A U-shaped relationship is observed between participation in non-agricultural activities and PCGDP.
• Wealthier countries show higher income shares from nonfarm activities and lower shares from on-farm activities.
• Household diversification is frequent across the sample, with a majority of households not relying on a single income source.
• On-farm specialization is more common among poorer households, while non-agricultural wage employment is more prevalent among wealthier ones.

Figures and Visualizations

• Figure 1 illustrates the U-shaped relationship between participation in non-agricultural activities and PCGDP.
• Figure 2 presents the sector composition of nonfarm income, non-agricultural wage labor, and self-employment.
• Figure 3 shows the percent of households participating in on-farm, nonfarm, and agricultural wage activities, with fitted quadratic curves for different wealth quintiles.
• Figure 4 displays the share of total income from main income generating activities across different expenditure quintiles.
• Figure 5 plots the average level of diversification and specialization in on-farm and non-agricultural wage employment, with fitted quadratic curves for different wealth quintiles.

Conclusion

The study highlights the importance of both on-farm and nonfarm income generation strategies across different levels of economic development. It shows that while on-farm activities are common in all countries, nonfarm activities become more prominent as countries develop. Diversification is a widespread income strategy, with specialization varying based on household wealth and economic development levels. The data also suggest that the role of transfers and other non-labor income sources is more significant in wealthier countries.