战略与国际研究中心-Addendum-to-US-Alliances-and-Emerging-Partnerships-in-Southeast-Asia_37页_1mb

U.S. Alliances and Emerging Partnerships in Southeast Asia: Out of the Shadows Addendum Summary

I. Indonesia

Defense Cooperation

• Arms Transfers: The U.S. arms transfers to Indonesia fluctuated significantly from 2000 to 2008, ranging from $4 million to $16 million. The total Indonesian arms imports ranged from $170 million to $402 million.
• Joint Exercises: Key exercises include Cobra Gold (involving multiple countries) and CARAT (U.S. Navy and Indonesian Navy), aimed at enhancing cooperation and operational readiness.

Economic Relations

• Bilateral Trade: Indonesia's exports to the U.S. increased from $8,489 million in 2000 to $15,208 million in 2007, while U.S. exports to Indonesia rose from $3,393 million to $4,235 million during the same period.
• Top Export/Import Partners: Indonesia's top export partners include Japan, Singapore, and China, while the U.S. is among its top import partners.
• FDI Flow: U.S. FDI to Indonesia was reported at $683 million in 2000, $985 million in 2001, and varied significantly over the years, with some years not reported.
• Foreign Assistance: U.S. foreign assistance to Indonesia increased over the years, with security assistance being a major component, including Foreign Military Financing and IMET.

People-to-People Relations

• Visitor Arrivals: U.S. visitor arrivals to Indonesia decreased from 160,982 in 2002 to 130,963 in 2006, but increased to 155,652 in 2007. Conversely, Indonesian visitor arrivals to the U.S. showed a fluctuating trend from 45,811 in 2002 to 53,133 in 2006.
• Population: There were 63,037 Indonesian Americans as of the 2000 U.S. Census.
• Student Exchange: Approximately 7,692 Indonesian students were studying in the U.S. in 2007-2008, while American students in Indonesia ranged from 24 to 132 over the same period.
• Official Visits: U.S. officials, including the Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense, visited Indonesia multiple times, while Indonesian officials visited the U.S. for diplomatic and strategic discussions.

Major Political, Strategic, and Economic Agreements

• Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA): Signed in 1996 and revised in June 2005.
• National Security Waiver: Resumed U.S. arms sales to Indonesia in 2005.

II. Malaysia

Defense Cooperation

• Arms Transfers: The U.S. arms transfers to Malaysia were minimal, with a peak of $32 million in 2003 and a decline in subsequent years.
• Joint Exercises: CARAT (U.S. Navy and Malaysian Navy) was a key exercise, aimed at improving regional cooperation and operational readiness.

Economic Relations

• Bilateral Trade: Malaysia's exports to the U.S. ranged from $20,162 million in 2000 to $33,701 million in 2007, while U.S. exports to Malaysia increased from $13,668 million to $11,680 million.
• Top Export/Import Partners: The U.S. and Japan were key export partners for Malaysia, while Japan and China were top import partners.
• FDI Flow: U.S. FDI to Malaysia was reported at $1,787 million in 2000, $2,040 million in 2005, and $3,109 million in 2007.
• Foreign Assistance: U.S. foreign assistance to Malaysia was primarily in the security sector, with a focus on military training and counter-narcotics programs.

People-to-People Relations

• Visitor Arrivals: U.S. visitor arrivals to Malaysia increased from 127,920 in 2002 to 204,844 in 2007, while Malaysian arrivals to the U.S. fluctuated between 40,750 and 50,597.
• Population: There were 49,460 Malaysian Americans as of the 2000 U.S. Census.
• Student Exchange: Approximately 5,428 Malaysian students were studying in the U.S. in 2007-2008, while American students in Malaysia ranged from 77 to 108.
• Official Visits: Malaysian Prime Ministers and Foreign Ministers visited the U.S. for diplomatic meetings, including the Annapolis Peace Conference. U.S. officials also visited Malaysia for strategic and economic discussions.

Major Political, Strategic, and Economic Agreements

• Bilateral Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA): Signed on May 10, 2004.
• Free Trade Agreement Negotiations: Initiated in June 2006.

III. The Philippines

Defense Cooperation

• Arms Transfers: U.S. arms transfers to the Philippines were consistent, with a total of $12 million in 2005 and $20 million in 2006. The U.S. provided significant support in military training and advisory roles.
• Joint Exercises: Key exercises include Balikatan, Talon Vision, Philippine Interoperability Exchange, and CARAT, aimed at enhancing defense capabilities and regional security.

Economic Relations

• Bilateral Trade: U.S. exports to the Philippines increased from $6,413 million in 2000 to $9,105 million in 2005, while Philippine exports to the U.S. rose from $11,406 million to $9,812 million.
• Top Export/Import Partners: The U.S. and Japan were the top export and import partners for the Philippines.
• FDI Flow: U.S. FDI to the Philippines varied, with notable inflows in 2000 ($480 million), 2001 ($970 million), and 2007 ($555 million).
• Foreign Assistance: U.S. foreign assistance to the Philippines included public health, economic development, and security programs, with security being a major component.

People-to-People Relations

• Visitor Arrivals: U.S. visitor arrivals to the Philippines decreased slightly from 578,983 in 2007 to 578,246 in 2008. Earlier data showed fluctuations between 269,000 and 457,000.
• Population: There were 1,359,070 Filipino Americans as of the 2000 U.S. Census.
• Student Exchange: Approximately 3,976 Filipino students were studying in the U.S. in 2007-2008, while American students in the Philippines ranged from 100 to 165.
• Official Visits: The Philippine President visited the U.S. in 2001 and 2003, and the U.S. President visited in 2003. These visits were for diplomatic and strategic purposes.

Major Political, Strategic, and Economic Agreements

• Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA): Signed in 1996 and revised in June 2005.
• Security Cooperation: The U.S. and the Philippines have had ongoing military cooperation, including joint operations against militant groups like Abu Sayyaf.

IV. Vietnam

Defense Cooperation

• Arms Transfers: U.S. arms transfers to Vietnam were minimal, with a peak of $10 million in 2005 and a decline in 2006 and 2007.
• Joint Exercises: There are no specific joint exercises listed, but the U.S. has engaged in security cooperation with Vietnam.

Economic Relations

• Bilateral Trade: Vietnamese exports to the U.S. and U.S. exports to Vietnam showed fluctuating trends from $27 million to $38 million.
• FDI Flow: U.S. FDI to Vietnam was reported at $2,314 million in 2007.
• Foreign Assistance: The U.S. has provided foreign assistance to Vietnam, primarily in the security and development sectors.

People-to-People Relations

• Visitor Arrivals: U.S. visitor arrivals to Vietnam increased from 2002 to 2007, with specific numbers not provided.
• Population: There are no specific figures for Vietnamese Americans provided.
• Student Exchange: Student exchange data is limited, but it is noted that the U.S. has a significant number of students from Vietnam.
• Official Visits: The U.S. and Vietnam have had several official visits, including high-level diplomatic meetings.

Major Political, Strategic, and Economic Agreements

• Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA): Signed in 1996 and revised in June 2005.
• Security Cooperation: The U.S. and Vietnam have engaged in security cooperation, including joint operations and military training.

V. Thailand

Defense Cooperation

• Arms Transfers: The U.S. arms transfers to Thailand were minimal, with a peak of $11 million in 2003 and a decline in 2004.
• Joint Exercises: CARAT (U.S. Navy and Thai Navy) was a key exercise, aimed at enhancing regional cooperation and operational readiness.
• U.S. Bases: The U.S. has accessible bases in Thailand, including the Ubon Ratchathani Air Base and Nakhon Phanom Air Base.

Economic Relations

• Bilateral Trade: Thai exports to the U.S. and U.S. exports to Thailand showed fluctuating trends from $20,162 million to $33,701 million.
• Top Export/Import Partners: The U.S. and Japan were top export partners, while China and Singapore were top import partners.
• FDI Flow: U.S. FDI to Thailand was reported at $1,787 million in 2000, $2,040 million in 2005, and $3,109 million in 2007.
• Foreign Assistance: The U.S. has provided foreign assistance to Thailand, including public health, economic development, and security programs.

People-to-People Relations

• Visitor Arrivals: U.S. visitor arrivals to Thailand increased from 127,920 in 2002 to 204,844 in 2007, while Thai arrivals to the U.S. fluctuated.
• Population: There are no specific figures for Thai Americans provided.
• Student Exchange: Student exchange data is limited, but it is noted that the U.S. has a significant number of students from Thailand.
• Official Visits: The U.S. and Thailand have had several official visits, including high-level diplomatic and strategic meetings.

Major Political, Strategic, and Economic Agreements

• Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA): Signed in 1996 and revised in June 2005.
• Security Cooperation: The U.S. and Thailand have engaged in security cooperation, including joint operations and military training.

VI. Singapore

Defense Cooperation

• Arms Transfers: The U.S. arms transfers to Singapore were minimal, with a peak of $32 million in 2003 and a decline in 2004.
• Joint Exercises: CARAT (U.S. Navy and Singapore Navy) was a key exercise, aimed at enhancing regional cooperation and operational readiness.
• U.S. Personnel: U.S. personnel are stationed in Singapore for defense and security cooperation.

Economic Relations

• Bilateral Trade: Singapore's exports to the U.S. and U.S. exports to Singapore showed fluctuating trends from $20,162 million to $33,701 million.
• Top Export/Import Partners: The U.S. and Japan were top export partners, while China and Singapore were top import partners.
• FDI Flow: U.S. FDI to Singapore was reported at $1,787 million in 2000, $2,040 million in 2005, and $3,109 million in 2007.
• Foreign Assistance: The U.S. has provided foreign assistance to Singapore, primarily in the security and development sectors.

People-to-People Relations

• Visitor Arrivals: U.S. visitor arrivals to Singapore increased from 127,920 in 2002 to 204,844 in 2007, while Singaporean arrivals to the U.S. fluctuated.
• Population: There are no specific figures for Singaporean Americans provided.
• Student Exchange: Student exchange data is limited, but it is noted that the U.S. has a significant number of students from Singapore.
• Official Visits: The U.S. and Singapore have had several official visits, including high-level diplomatic and strategic meetings.

Major Political, Strategic, and Economic Agreements

• Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA): Signed in 1996 and revised in June 2005.
• Security Cooperation: The U.S. and Singapore have engaged in security cooperation, including joint operations and military training.