2003年-世界发展银行全球_Mozambique___Public_Expenditure_Review_Phase_2_Sectoral_Expenditures_126页_8mb

Mozambique Public Expenditure Review (Phase 2: Sectoral Expenditures)

Core Content

This report is the second phase of the World Bank's Public Expenditure Review (PER) in Mozambique, focusing on sectoral expenditures in education, health, roads, and water supply and sanitation. It evaluates the efficiency, equity, and implementability of public spending in these sectors, with the aim of improving the quality and targeting of government expenditure to address poverty and promote sustainable development.

Main Viewpoints

• Economic Recovery and Poverty: Mozambique has experienced a significant recovery since the end of the civil war, with infrastructure restored and incomes rising. However, the country remains poor, with inadequate infrastructure, unmet needs in education and health, and a high poverty rate.
• Macroeconomic Context: The economy grew by 7.7% in 2002 and is expected to grow by 7% in 2003. Government revenues increased from 11.3% to 13.5% of GDP, and expenditures rose from 23.5% to 32.2% of GDP. Despite this, the growth is not sustainable, and the government needs to focus on improving the quality of spending rather than increasing its quantity.
• Fiscal Management Reforms: The 2001 Public Expenditure Management Review (PEMR) identified deficiencies in fiscal management, particularly in public accounting, cash management, and auditing. A new Financial Management Law was introduced in 2001, establishing the SISTAFE system, which is being gradually implemented.
• Intersectoral Allocation of Resources: Budget allocations to poverty-oriented sectors (education and health) have increased, but there are still gaps in implementation. The report recommends reallocating resources to health from non-priority areas, such as defense and recreation, to address the growing impact of HIV/AIDS.
• Chronic Under-spending: Some priority sectors, especially health and water, suffer from chronic under-spending due to delayed budget releases and poor implementation capacity. The introduction of the SISTAFE system is expected to improve this situation.
• Civil Service Reform: The civil service lacks skilled and motivated personnel, with salaries significantly below those in the private sector and neighboring countries. Performance-based remuneration is being piloted in key ministries, with donor support potentially required in the early stages.
• Decentralization: The government is gradually decentralizing administrative and fiscal responsibilities to local levels. However, the current system of dupla tutela (dual control) over provincial directorates is not aligned with the process of decentralization and needs reform.
• HIV/AIDS Impact: With a prevalence rate of 13.8%, HIV/AIDS is having a severe impact on education and health systems, leading to teacher absenteeism and deaths, increased orphan numbers, and a significant rise in health expenditures. The report highlights the need for targeted spending to address these challenges.

Key Information

Sectoral Expenditures

• Education:

  • Gross enrollment in lower primary (EP1) increased from 56% in 1992 to 106% in 2002.
  • Upper primary (EP2) enrollment rose from 13% to 28% over the same period.
  • The completion rate for EP1 is 36%, far below the African average of 51% and the global developing country average of 81%.
  • School fees contribute to low completion rates, especially for the poorest households.
  • Teacher salaries are relatively low compared to other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

• Health:

  • Budget allocations to health and education increased from 4.1% to 6.3% of GDP between 1998 and 2002.
  • HIV/AIDS is expected to significantly increase health expenditures, with the cost of treating opportunistic diseases potentially absorbing up to 50% of total health spending.
  • The report highlights the need for improved monitoring and absorptive capacity in the health sector.

• Roads:

  • Road sector budgets have increased, but execution rates remain low.
  • The use of local materials in education and periodic road maintenance can reduce costs.
  • The Roads III program aims to improve the management and maintenance of roads.

• Water Supply and Sanitation:

  • Public spending on water and sanitation is low, with chronic under-execution of budgets.
  • The Low-Cost Sanitation Program (LCSP) and National Water Development Program (NWDP) are key initiatives in this sector.
  • The report emphasizes the need for better monitoring and targeting of water services to the poor.

Financial and Institutional Framework

• Currency: 1 US$ = 23,400 Meticals (Mt).
• Fiscal Year: January 1 to December 31.
• Key Institutions:
  • MPF: Ministry of Planning and Finance.
  • DNCP: National Directorate of Public Accounting.
  • DNPO: National Directorate of Planning and Budget.
  • SISTAFE: Integrated Financial Management Information System.
  • ETSDS: Expenditure Tracking and Service Delivery Survey.

Recommendations

• Improve the quality and targeting of public expenditures.
• Implement the SISTAFE system to enhance fiscal transparency and accountability.
• Increase donor contributions through the budget to support public sector reforms.
• Reform the civil service by improving salaries and linking performance to promotions.
• Decentralize administrative and fiscal responsibilities to local levels.
• Allocate more resources to health to counteract the impact of HIV/AIDS.
• Enhance monitoring and data collection in all sectors to improve implementation.

Conclusion

The review underscores the need for more efficient and equitable public spending in Mozambique, particularly in education and health, to address persistent poverty and the growing challenges posed by HIV/AIDS. It calls for institutional reforms, better financial management, and a focus on service delivery and outcomes.