2011年-世界发展银行全球_Border_Management_Modernization_401页_4mb

Border Management Modernization Summary

Core Content

This book, Border Management Modernization, is a comprehensive guide aimed at policymakers and practitioners involved in improving trade facilitation through more efficient border management. It moves beyond the traditional focus on customs reform to include a broader "whole of government" approach, addressing the complex interdependencies between various government agencies and the private sector in managing borders.

The book outlines key challenges in border management, particularly in developing countries, where the process of importing goods is significantly slower and more cumbersome compared to developed nations. On average, it takes three times as many days, nearly twice as many documents, and six times as many signatures to import in poor countries than in rich ones. These inefficiencies not only raise costs and reduce competitiveness but also deter foreign investment and create opportunities for corruption.

Main Views

• Trade facilitation is essential for economic growth: Efficient border management is a critical enabler of trade, allowing producers to specialize and benefit from economies of scale. It also helps firms and households access goods and services from around the world.

• Customs reform alone is insufficient: While customs modernization has been a focus of many reforms, it is only one part of the puzzle. Other government agencies also play a major role in border delays and inefficiencies.

• A holistic approach is needed: The book advocates for a "whole of government" strategy that involves multiple agencies and sectors, emphasizing the importance of coordination and shared objectives.

• Technology and institutional reform are key: Information and communications technology (ICT) and administrative streamlining are essential tools for improving border processes. The book also highlights the importance of institutional and political support for sustainable reform.

• Political will and institutional commitment are vital: For meaningful change to occur, policymakers must build and maintain the political will and institutional backing necessary to overcome vested interests and manage change effectively.

Key Information

• Import and Export Delays: In poor countries, it takes significantly longer to clear goods at the border compared to rich countries, with higher transaction costs and more bureaucratic hurdles.

• Role of the Private Sector: The private sector is an important player in border management, providing services and being affected by the efficiency of the system. Their involvement is crucial for developing trade-friendly policies and practices.

• Global Initiatives and Instruments: The World Bank has been a key player in promoting trade facilitation reforms, including the development of the Trade Facilitation Facility and the use of Logistics Performance Indicators (LPI) to assess and improve border efficiency.

• Case Studies and Best Practices: The book includes case studies from various countries and regions, such as Cambodia and the European Union, to illustrate successful and problematic approaches to border management.

• Institutional and Political Challenges: Reform is often hampered by a lack of political will, entrenched interests, and the complexity of coordinating across multiple agencies. The book emphasizes the need for sound governance and accountability frameworks.

Structure and Organization

The book is organized into 20 chapters, each addressing different aspects of border management, from the role of the private sector to the design of national single windows, and from risk-based compliance to the impact of non-tariff measures. It also includes a series of boxes, figures, and tables that provide practical examples, data, and analytical tools for policymakers and practitioners.

• Chapters:

  • Chapter 1: Introduction and summary by Gerard McLinden.
  • Chapter 2: The future of border management by Tom Doyle.
  • Chapter 3: Border management modernization and the trade supply chain by Monica Alina Mustra.
  • Chapter 4: Borders, their design, and operation by Michel Zarnowiecki.
  • Chapter 5: Building a business case for border management reform by Yue Li, Gerard McLinden, and John S. Wilson.
  • Chapter 6: Risk-based compliance management by David Widdowson and Stephen Holloway.
  • Chapter 7: ICT and modern border management by Tom Doyle.
  • Chapter 8: National single window implementation by Ramesh Siva.
  • Chapter 9: ICT procurement for border management by Tom Doyle.
  • Chapter 10: Private sector role in border reform by Andrew Grainger.
  • Chapter 11: Reform instruments and best practices by Robert Ireland and Tadatsugu Matsudaira.
  • Chapter 12: Organizational change in border management by Darryn Jenkins and Gerard McLinden.
  • Chapter 13: Nontariff measures and their impact by Olivier Cadot, Maryla Maliszewska, and Sebastián Sáez.
  • Chapter 14: Regional integration and customs unions by Erich Kieck and Jean-Christophe Maur.
  • Chapter 15: ICT in customs unions: a case study of the EU by Tom Doyle and Frank Janssens.
  • Chapter 16: Sanitary and phytosanitary measures by Kees van der Meer and Laura Ignacio.
  • Chapter 17: Transit regimes by Jean-Francois Arvis.
  • Chapter 18: National security and border management by David Widdowson and Stephen Holloway.
  • Chapter 19: Border management in fragile states by Luc De Wulf.
  • Chapter 20: Integrity risk modeling and governance by Amer Z. Durrani, Michael A. Prokop, and Michel R. Zarnowiecki.

• Boxes, Figures, and Tables: These provide additional insights and data to support the main arguments and recommendations of the book.

Conclusion

The book concludes that while customs reform is important, it is not sufficient on its own. A more integrated and comprehensive approach is required, involving all relevant government agencies, the private sector, and international organizations. It emphasizes the importance of good governance, the use of technology, and the need for sustained political and institutional commitment to achieve meaningful improvements in border management and trade facilitation.