世界银行-PM2.5的全球健康成本空气污染：2021后行动的案例（英）-89页_1mb

The Global Health Cost of PM₂.₅ Air Pollution: A Case for Action Beyond 2021

Core Content

This report by the World Bank provides a detailed analysis of the global health and economic costs of exposure to PM₂.₅ (fine particulate matter) air pollution in 2019. It emphasizes the importance of addressing air pollution as a core development challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and calls for urgent policy action to reduce its harmful effects.

Main Points

• PM₂.₅ as a Major Health Risk:
  PM₂.₅ air pollution is a leading cause of disease and death globally, contributing to conditions such as ischemic heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, type 2 diabetes, and neonatal disorders. It is responsible for 6.4 million premature deaths and 93 billion days lived with illness in 2019.

• Regional and National Impact:

  • Global Health Cost: The total health cost of PM₂.₅ exposure in 2019 was $8.1 trillion, equivalent to 6.1% of global GDP.
  • Regional Variations:
    • East Asia and Pacific: 9.3% of GDP
    • South Asia: 10.3% of GDP
    • Low-income countries: 5.9% of GDP
    • Lower- and upper-middle-income countries: 8.9–9.0% of GDP
    • China and India: 10.6–12.9% of GDP
  • Country-Specific Data: Six countries had over 100,000 deaths from PM₂.₅, and nine had 50,000–100,000 deaths.

• Sources of PM₂.₅ Exposure:

  • Ambient Air Pollution: Responsible for 64% of all PM₂.₅-related deaths.
  • Household Air Pollution: From the use of solid fuels for cooking and heating, responsible for 36% of all PM₂.₅-related deaths.
  • Cost Distribution: Household air pollution had the largest share of the cost in Sub-Saharan Africa and low-income countries, while ambient air pollution was more significant in East Asia and Pacific, South Asia, and lower-middle-income countries.

• Health and Economic Burden:

  • 85% of the global health cost is attributed to premature mortality, and 15% to morbidity.
  • PM₂.₅ exposure leads to lost productivity, increased healthcare expenditures, and reduced economic growth, especially in LMICs where people have fewer resources to mitigate its effects.

• Key Health Conditions Affected:

  • PM₂.₅ exposure is linked to infant mortality, low birth weight, pre-term delivery, mental health issues, and neurological impairments, including dementia.

• Climate and Environmental Impacts:

  • PM₂.₅ contributes to climate change through short-lived climate pollutants like black carbon.
  • It also causes acid rain and reduced visibility, with economic valuations limited to local and regional levels.

• Methodology:

  • The report uses GBD 2019 data to estimate the economic cost of PM₂.₅ exposure.
  • Premature mortality is valued using statistical life (VSL), while morbidity is estimated using years lived with disability (YLDs).
  • Exposure levels are derived from ground-level monitoring, satellite imagery, and chemical-transport models.

• Data Sources:

  • The GBD 2019 study incorporated 10,408 ground monitors from 116 countries.
  • Data came from the WHO Global Ambient Air Quality Database (2018), PM measurements from US embassies and consulates, and additional data from Bangladesh, Canada, China, the European Union, and the United States.

Key Findings

• The global health cost of PM₂.₅ exposure in 2019 was $8.1 trillion, 40% higher than the 2013 estimate from the World Bank and IHME.
• Ambient air pollution accounts for 64% of all PM₂.₅-related deaths, while household air pollution accounts for 36%.
• PM₂.₅ exposure has significant health effects, including infant mortality, low birth weight, pre-term delivery, mental health conditions, and neurological impairments.
• The economic burden of PM₂.₅ is greatest in LMICs, where the cost is 5.9–12.9% of GDP.
• Ground-level monitoring is essential for accurate PM₂.₅ exposure and mortality estimates, especially in LMICs, where there is a lack of monitoring infrastructure.
• PM₂.₅ mass is used for valuation, and source-specific impacts are not disaggregated in this report.

Policy Implications

• Improve Ground-Level Monitoring: Establish and maintain high-quality air-quality monitoring networks in LMICs to reduce uncertainty in PM₂.₅ exposure estimates.
• Prioritize Emission Reductions: Focus on reducing emissions from coal-fired power plants and diesel vehicles, as their particles are more harmful to health.
• Enhance Data Collection: Expand ground-level measurements to improve air-quality data and exposure-response relationships.
• Integrate Air Pollution into Development Policies: Use the economic cost estimates to guide policy design and implementation in LMICs.
• Support Public Health and Economic Growth: Addressing PM₂.₅ exposure can improve public health and economic productivity, especially for vulnerable groups.

Conclusion

The report underscores the urgent need to tackle PM₂.₅ air pollution as a core development challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It highlights the significant health and economic costs associated with PM₂.₅ exposure and calls for action to reduce emissions, improve monitoring, and enhance policy responses to mitigate its adverse effects on society and the economy.