2022-07-05-世界卫生组织-Immunization_Spain_2022_country_profile_16页_354kb

Immunization Coverage Analysis for Spain (WHO-UNICEF 2021 Revision)

Methodology

WHO and UNICEF estimates are based on empirical data from national government reports, surveys, and administrative records. Coverage is assessed for specific vaccine doses, and a grade of confidence (GoC) indicates the reliability of the estimate based on data sources. Higher GoC levels (e.g., •••) reflect strong support, while lower levels or no empirical data challenge the estimates. No formal uncertainty measures like confidence intervals are provided, and data quality may vary, causing the estimates to be used with caution.

Key Findings for Spain

• BCG Vaccine: No estimates or data available for most years, with GoC categorized as having no empirical support.
• DTP1/DTP3 (Diphtheria/Tetanus/Pertussis Vaccine): High coverage rates (96-98%) observed in recent years, though 2021 data are preliminary due to COVID-19 disruptions. Coverage declined slightly, and GoC is based on reported data with recalculated denominators.
• Pol3 (Poliomyelitis Vaccine Dose 3): Similar coverage patterns to DTP3, with rates around 92-97%. COVID-19 impacted 2021 estimates, and data remain provisional.
• IPV1 (Inactivated Polio Vaccine Dose): Introduced in 2015, with estimates starting at 99% in 2015. Coverage has varied but generally high, with methodological challenges in early years.
• MCV1/MCV2 (Measles Containing Vaccine): Coverage was consistently high in most years (95-98%), but recent years show declines due to COVID-19 and data limitations. GoC reflects use of serosurveys or reported data.
• RCV1 (Rubella Containing Vaccine Dose): Estimated based on MCV levels, matching them where possible due to lack of direct data. Coverage aligns with other vaccines.
• HepBB/HepB3 (Heptitis B Birth Dose and Dose 3): No estimates available for HepBB, while HepB3 shows high coverage with variations during COVID-19, and data are extrapolated from reported figures.
• Hib3 (Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccine): Coverage has fluctuated, including a stock-out in 2017. Recent years show rates around 91%, with data based on government reports.
• RotaC (Rotavirus Vaccine): Not included in the national schedule; no estimates available.
• PcV3 (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Dose 3): Introduced in 2017, with coverage increasing and ranging from 88% to 95% in later years.

Data Quality and Confidence

• COVID-19 disruptions led to declining target populations and preliminary data in recent years, with limited independent assessments.
• GoC ranges from no empirical support (e.g., NA for BCG) to well-supported estimates (e.g., ••• for many high-coverage vaccines).
• Disclaimers note that data may be biased, and estimates should be verified with empirical assessments.

Impact of COVID-19

• Ongoing catch-up activities for unvaccinated children reduced reported target populations by about 18% between 2019 and 2021.
• This resulted in lower provisional coverage estimates for 2020 and 2021 across various vaccines.

Conclusion

Overall, Spain maintains high immunization coverage for many vaccines, but recent years show impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic. Estimates rely heavily on national data, which may have biases or gaps. WHO and UNICEF advise caution and suggest empirical assessments for confirmation.