2014年-世界发展银行全球_Sudan_State-Level_Public_Expenditure_Review___Meeting_the_Challenges_of_Poverty_Reduction_and_Basic_Service_Delivery_Synthesis_Report_33页_1mb

Sudan State-Level Public Expenditure Review Summary (May 2014)

Core Content

This report, titled "SUDAN: State-level Public Expenditure Review – Meeting the Challenges of Poverty Reduction and Basic Service Delivery", provides an analysis of the effectiveness of fiscal decentralization in post-secession Sudan. It highlights the challenges in achieving inter-regional equity, improving basic service delivery, and addressing poverty, while also suggesting key policy reform areas.

Main Points

• Fiscal Decentralization Status: Despite over two decades of implementation, fiscal decentralization in Sudan remains incomplete and requires further reform and capacity building. It has not effectively addressed regional disparities or improved service delivery outcomes.

• Regional Disparities: There are still significant differences in poverty levels, access to basic services, and revenue-generating capacity across states. These disparities are exacerbated by the lack of balanced intergovernmental transfers and uneven fiscal spending allocations.

• Basic Service Delivery Challenges:

  • Education: There is a wide variance in educational outcomes, with poorer states experiencing lower access and quality.
  • Health: Health spending per capita is highly uneven, with some states spending less than half of what Khartoum spends. This leads to disparities in health facility availability and staff turnover.
  • Water Access: Access to clean water remains low in poorer states, with rates up to five times lower than in wealthier states.

• Fiscal Capacity and Revenue Gaps: States with lower revenue-generating capacity are more vulnerable to poverty. The average per capita revenue in the highest revenue-generating states is about 5 times that of the lowest. The correlation between poverty and revenue is strong and negative, highlighting the need for a more targeted transfer system.

• Fiscal and Institutional Weaknesses: The decentralization process has been hindered by unclear division of responsibilities, complex revenue assignment systems, and weak state-level budget and fiscal management.

Key Findings and Policy Agenda

Key Messages

1. Limited Progress on Fiscal Decentralization: While fiscal decentralization has brought additional resources to states, it has not led to more balanced resource allocation or improved service delivery outcomes. The vision of fiscal decentralization is still not fully realized.

2. Overambitious Federal Social Support Program (SSP): The SSP is seen as overly ambitious and poorly implemented, leading to overlapping programs and inefficient targeting.

Policy Reforms Agenda

• Reform Intergovernmental Transfers System:

  • Improve targeting of poor and under-served regions.
  • Ensure more predictability in allocations.
  • Segregate federal transfers into need-based and performance-based components.

• Strengthen Revenue Mobilization at State Level:

  • Shift focus from fees to tax policy.
  • Streamline tax and non-tax measures.
  • Eliminate negative tax incentives and exemptions.
  • Abolish ineffective local taxes.

• Reinforce Performance-Based Budgeting:

  • Improve budget credibility and planning.
  • Enhance accountability and transparency in public expenditure.
  • Build capacity for effective resource allocation and use.
  • Support civil society participation in budgeting processes.

• Improve Governance and Institutional Capacity:

  • Clarify roles and responsibilities across government levels.
  • Promote transparency and stability in fiscal systems.
  • Strengthen subnational revenue collection and administrative capacity.
  • Develop mechanisms for coordination and cooperation between different levels of government.

Conclusion

The report underscores that while fiscal decentralization is a necessary step for Sudan's development, its implementation has been inadequate. The report calls for a more targeted and effective intergovernmental transfer system, stronger revenue mobilization, and improved institutional capacity at the subnational level to ensure better service delivery and reduce regional inequality.

Summary of Key Data

• Poverty Rates: 46.5% of Sudan's population lives below the poverty line.
• Education Spending: Increased by 22% per year from 697 SDG to 2,242 SDG per school-age population.
• Health Spending: Increased by 26% per year from 229 SDG to 829 SDG per capita.
• State Revenue Disparities: Average per capita revenue ranges from 37 SDG to 192 SDG.
• Poverty and Revenue Correlation: Strong negative correlation (coefficient -0.54) between poverty and state revenue.

References

• World Bank Country Economic Memorandum (CEM), 2009
• National Baseline Household Survey (NBHS), 2009
• Sudan Household Health Survey (SHHS), 2006
• Final Accounts Report, Ministry of Finance & National Economy (MoFNE)

This summary is based on the State-level Public Expenditure Review (PER) conducted by the World Bank in collaboration with the Government of Sudan, focusing on poverty reduction and basic service delivery challenges.