2025-04-20-世界银行-碳信用_一种基于成果的筹集额外气候融资的方法（英）_42页_1mb

报告摘要

Carbon Crediting Report Summary

Introduction

Carbon crediting is a financial instrument that monetizes greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions or removals to fund climate mitigation actions. It serves as a tool for developing and implementing climate strategies without financial barriers, supporting low-carbon development. The report targets program entities and policymakers in developing countries, providing guidance on selecting appropriate crediting approaches based on context and goals. Key funding sources include results-based climate finance (RBCF) and carbon markets. Challenges involve ensuring high integrity to avoid overcrediting and maintain environmental and social responsibility.

Carbon Crediting Approaches

Overview of Approaches

Project-Based Crediting: Focused on individual projects (e.g., renewable energy, landfills). Involves detailed baseline setting and high transaction costs. Suitable for large-scale projects.
Programmatic Crediting: Aggregates smaller projects into programs to reduce costs and increase access. Requires sampling for monitoring. Ideal for small- to micro-scale interventions.
Jurisdictional Crediting: Targets entire jurisdictions (e.g., REDD+ for forests). Involves broad-scale MRV and high governance needs. Effective for large-scale policy alignment and leakage reduction.
Policy Crediting: Supports the implementation of policies like carbon pricing. Complex baseline setting; promotes transformative change.
Sectoral Crediting: Addresses emissions within specific sectors to meet overachievement targets. Involves high external dependencies.
Economy-Wide Crediting: Applies to small countries like SIDS, using national inventories. Conceptually simple but untested.

Summary of Stylized Features

The following table summarizes the core aspects of each crediting approach:

Approach	Application	Program Entity	Use of Proceeds	Funding Source	Methodological Approach	Key Integrity Risks
Project-Based	Individual large-impact projects	Private/public enterprises	Closing cost gaps, rewarding outcomes	Carbon markets	Technology-based, high MRV risks	Additionality, leakage, social equity
Programmatic	Aggregated small/micro projects	Agencies, development banks	Incentive payments, concessionality	Carbon markets, RBCF	Sampling-based, moderate risks	MRV complexity, safeguard management
Jurisdictional	Whole jurisdiction activities	Government entities	Rewarding stakeholders, policy incentives	Carbon markets, RBCF	Inventory-based, data-intensive	Baseline quality, MRV rigor
Policy	Regulations like carbon pricing	Government	Policy costs, compensation for impacted parties	Carbon markets, RBCF	Modelling-based, high complexity	Additionality, attribution
Sectoral	Overachievement in economic sectors	Government agencies	Financing sector transformation	Carbon markets, RBCF	Inventory-based, inter-sector risks	Sectoral leakage, baseline uncertainty
Economy-Wide	Country-wide emissions reduction	Government	Broad incentives, policy support	Carbon markets, RBCF	National inventory-based	High baseline uncertainty, non-tested

Key Insights for Decision-Making

Selection Criteria: Choose approaches based on scale, financial requirements, and context (e.g., project-based for simplicity, jurisdictional for large-scale impact).
Funding: Privileged methodologies prioritize RBCF for host-country ERs and carbon markets for international transactions.
High Integrity: Essential for environmental, social, and financial aspects to avoid risks like overcrediting.
Examples: Jurisdictional approaches (e.g., Ghana's REDD+ program) demonstrate large-scale benefits; policy crediting (e.g., Uzbekistan's subsidy reforms) showcases transformative potential.

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