联合国贸易发展委员会-从南南合作看中国绿色低碳发展的政策策略（英）-2023-105页_1mb

China’s Policy Strategies for Green Low-Carbon Development: Perspective from South-South Cooperation

Chapter I: Greening China’s Development

• Background: China’s rapid economic growth since 1978 led to resource and environmental challenges. It aims to peak CO₂ emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.
• Constraints: High emissions, heavy reliance on coal, industrial structure, and energy intensity. Balancing economic growth with decarbonization is challenging.
• Policy Strategies: Integrated "1+N" framework includes top-level designs (e.g., Action Plan for Carbon Peaking) and sectoral policies. Focus on energy conservation, renewable energy, and green finance.

Chapter II: Green and Low-Carbon Urban Development

• Urbanization Impact: Urbanization drives energy demand and emissions. Challenges include household consumption and inefficient infrastructure.
• Policy Directions: Strict land and energy controls, green building standards (e.g., energy efficiency retrofits, green construction), and low-carbon transportation (e.g., public transit, EVs, bicycles).
• Progress: Green building area >90%, promotion of energy-efficient buildings, and policies like the dual control of energy consumption and carbon emissions.

Chapter III: Energy Transition

• Trends: Dominated by coal, but renewable energy (solar, wind) is growing rapidly. Energy intensity has decreased significantly.
• Policy Focus: Energy conservation, FITs, carbon trading, and taxation. The national carbon market launched in 2021.
• Challenges: Transition requires massive investment and innovation in technologies like CCUS. Fossil fuel reduction must balance energy security.

Chapter IV: Promoting Green Industrial Transition

• Role of Industry: Accounts for ~85% of emissions. Policies focus on energy-saving, circular economy, and green manufacturing.
• Key Policies: Energy conservation targets, industrial structure optimization, and the "14th Five-Year Plan" for green industrial development.
• Progress: Green factories, energy-efficient industries, and reduced carbon intensity in high-emission sectors.

Chapter V: Policies for Green Agricultural Development

• Climate Adaptation: Ensuring food security amid climate risks; strategies include water-saving irrigation and ecological protection.
• Mitigation: Techniques like秸秆还田 (straw returning to fields), manure recycling, and soil carbon sequestration to reduce agricultural emissions.

Chapter VI: Facilitating Green Transformation through Macroeconomic Policies

• Fiscal Tools: Environmental taxes, green procurement, public expenditure on energy conservation, and subsidies (e.g., green credit, carbon tax).
• Monetary Instruments: Concessional lending, collateral frameworks for green bonds, and carbon-reduction supporting tools.
• Overall Approach: Integrated macro policies balance economic growth with climate goals (e.g., FYP integration, "1+N" framework).

Chapter VII: Green Finance and Policies

• Definition: Financial tools supporting environmental improvements and energy efficiency.
• Key Policies: Green credit, green bonds, carbon emission trading, and environmental information disclosure.
• Development Status: Large green bond market, national carbon market, and growing institutional arrangements (e.g., Green Finance Standards).

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Summary
- China aims to peak CO₂ emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, balancing rapid economic growth with environmental protection.
- Urbanization and industrialization drive high energy consumption; policies focus on green buildings, low-carbon transportation, and efficient energy use.
- Energy transition is rapid, with growth in renewables; constraints include coal dominance, requiring massive investments and technological innovation.
- Industrial policies emphasize low-carbon transformation and circular economy through energy conservation and green manufacturing standards.
- Agriculture adapts to climate change through water-saving and mitigation via soil carbon sequestration and residue recycling.
- Macroeconomic policies (fiscal, monetary) internalize environmental costs and promote green finance to support sustainable development.