2002年-世界发展银行全球_Private_Solutions_for_Infrastructure_in_Cambodia___A_Country_Framework_Report_100页_6mb

Private Solutions for Infrastructure in Cambodia

Core Content

This Country Framework Report (CFR) outlines the potential and challenges of private participation in infrastructure (PPI) in Cambodia. It is prepared by the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) and the World Bank, aiming to improve the environment for private sector involvement in key infrastructure sectors such as power, water, telecommunications, and transport.

Main Objectives

• To describe and assess the current status and performance of key infrastructure sectors
• To evaluate the policy, regulatory, and institutional environment for private sector involvement
• To assist policymakers in framing future reform strategies and help potential investors assess opportunities

Key Infrastructure Sectors

Power Sector

• Sector Overview: The power sector is still recovering from conflict, with one of the lowest electrification rates and highest energy costs globally.
• Current Status: The Électricité du Cambodge (EDC) is the main state-owned utility, while private sector involvement includes independent power producers (IPPs), small-scale rural providers, and autogeneration for domestic and business consumers.
• Opportunities:
  • Expansion of small-scale and rural power systems
  • Private provision in provincial towns
  • IPPs providing future generation capacity to EDC
  • Private management, operation, or ownership of EDC
• Legal Framework: The Electricity Law of 2001 introduced an independent regulator for the sector.

Water and Sewerage Sector

• Sector Overview: Water supply is primarily provided by isolated, vertically integrated systems, with limited sewerage services.
• Current Status: Only 70% of Phnom Penh residents, 13% of urban residents, and 23% of rural residents have access to safe water. This means only about 32% of the total population has access to piped water.
• Opportunities:
  • Small-scale rural water systems
  • Private participation in existing water service providers
• Legal Framework: The Water Law and Land Law of 2001 are relevant, though a clear legal process for land acquisition for infrastructure is still lacking.

Telecommunications Sector

• Sector Overview: The most privatized sector, with joint ventures between the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications (MPTC) and private operators.
• Current Status: Five mobile licenses and one international gateway license have been issued to private firms. The MPTC remains central to ownership and regulation.
• Challenges:
  • Lack of transparency in license awarding
  • Forced revenue sharing with the MPTC
  • Conflicts between ownership, policy, and regulatory roles
  • High cost and low usage of fixed line networks
• Opportunities:
  • Fixed network joint ventures or operating contracts
  • Partial or full privatization of MPTC's operations

Transport Sector

• Sector Overview: Includes roads, railways, ports, and airports. The sector is under increasing demand but suffers from poor maintenance, degradation, and lack of investment.
• Current Status:
  • Roads: Limited private involvement, but opportunities for toll-funded maintenance and rehabilitation
  • Railways: Primarily public, with limited private participation in oil tanker wagon repairs
  • Ports: Two dry ports operated by the private sector, with potential for expansion of Sihanoukville port
  • Airports: Major airports are concessioned to the private sector
• Opportunities:
  • Roads linking Cambodia to Vietnam and Thailand
  • Rehabilitation of existing infrastructure
  • Re-establishing rail links with Thailand
  • Expansion of port facilities

Cross-Cutting Issues

Legal Environment

• Cambodia's legal system is underdeveloped, with limited judicial independence and efficiency.
• The Investment Law offers incentives to foreign investors but has restrictions on land sales and foreign employment.

Government Organization and Decisionmaking

• Responsibilities among government agencies are unclear, leading to uncertainty for investors.
• The Council for the Development of Cambodia has been assigned specific roles in PPI approval and bidding, but further clarification is needed.

PPI Approval and Transaction Processes

• The government has entered into various PPI agreements but lacks transparent procurement procedures and public scrutiny.
• Establishing a legal framework to clarify PPI modalities and ensure competitive bidding is recommended.

Regulatory Approaches

• Regulatory frameworks need to be tailored to each sector but must address common issues like exclusivity, regulatory independence, and multisectoral regulation.
• The National Audit Authority may help enforce procurement requirements once fully operational.

Land Acquisition and Resettlement

• The Land Law of 2001 has been enacted, but no clear process exists for acquiring land for infrastructure projects.
• A formal framework for land expropriation and a Resettlement Committee have been established, but they apply only to public projects.

Financing Environment

• Cambodian financial markets are small and underdeveloped.
• Local capital markets can only support small-scale projects with limited terms.
• Microfinance schemes and foreign capital are not yet accessible for local infrastructure.

Subsidy Schemes

• Subsidies may be necessary for rural and low-income infrastructure projects.
• Designing subsidy schemes requires careful consideration of objectives, beneficiaries, funding sources, and delivery mechanisms.

Output-Based Aid

• For countries with limited public resources, output-based aid can be an effective tool for publicly financed subsidies.

Conclusion

Private participation in infrastructure offers significant opportunities for Cambodia to improve access, efficiency, and service quality. However, it faces challenges related to legal and regulatory frameworks, land acquisition, and financing. The report highlights the need for policy reforms, transparent processes, and institutional clarity to enable sustainable private sector involvement in infrastructure development.