2006年-世界发展银行全球_Upper_Egypt--Challenges_and_Priorities_for_Rural_Development_114页_8mb

报告摘要

Summary of the Report: Rural Development in Upper Egypt

Core Content

This report, prepared by the World Bank, focuses on the challenges and priorities for rural development in Upper Egypt. It highlights the structural and economic disparities between Upper and Lower Egypt, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to promote economic growth and improve the welfare of rural populations.

Main Objectives

To analyze the reasons behind the lagging development of rural Upper Egypt.
To propose a strategic framework for interventions that support broad-based economic growth and human development.
To enhance access to basic infrastructure and social services through local planning and civil society involvement.

Key Findings

Economic Overview

Poverty in Upper Egypt is increasing, with over half of poor Egyptians residing in the region, despite it containing only one-fourth of the national population.
Agriculture is the main source of employment and income in rural Upper Egypt, accounting for 63% of employment and 40% of income.
Off-farm activities contribute about 40% to household income, but the private sector, especially SMEs, is weak due to low rural incomes.
Tourism-related jobs are concentrated in Aswan and Luxor, while other areas lack development due to security concerns.
Agricultural growth has a significant impact on poverty reduction, with estimates suggesting it accounts for 40-70% of total poverty reduction in some countries.

Agricultural Productivity

Landholdings in Upper Egypt are smaller and more fragmented than in Lower Egypt, with over half being less than one feddan.
Productivity is higher in Upper Egypt due to better land and water quality, and earlier harvests.
Traditional crops (wheat, cotton, legumes) dominate the cultivated area in Upper Egypt (93%), while nontraditional crops (fruits, vegetables, aromatic, medicinal, and oil plants) account for only 7%.
Lower Egypt has a higher share of nontraditional crops (57%), contributing to higher farm-gate prices.

Constraints and Opportunities

Transportation is a major constraint, with up to 20% of fruit and 40% of vegetable products lost during transport.
Post-harvest handling is inadequate, leading to spoilage and loss of quality.
Water availability and access to credit are critical issues for small-scale farmers.
Livestock products and nontraditional crops offer significant potential for increasing income in Upper Egypt due to their high returns and labor content.
Export markets require specific quality standards, which smallholders often lack.

Main Proposals

Interventions for Economic Growth

Invest in post-harvest technologies, transportation, and cooling/packing facilities to reduce losses and improve market access.
Improve access to credit for horticulture and livestock production, through both public and private sector initiatives.
Enhance market access for inputs and outputs by promoting transparency and efficiency in the market system.
Support farmers' organizations and provide technical advice and capacity building to help smallholders improve productivity and access high-value markets.
Strengthen SMEs through business development services, including one-stop shops for licensing, feasibility studies, and access to government contracts.

Public Investment and Decentralization

Increase public investment per capita in Upper Egypt, especially in infrastructure and social services, to match the level in Lower Egypt.
Decentralize planning and decision-making to improve efficiency and responsiveness to local needs.
Promote civil society participation in development planning to ensure that local voices are heard and that projects are more sustainable and effective.
Improve the quality and accessibility of social services such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure, which are essential for rural development.

Conclusion

The report concludes that rural development in Upper Egypt requires a dual strategy: fostering economic growth through agricultural and off-farm activities, and improving access to social services and infrastructure through public investment and civil society involvement. It also highlights the importance of policy reforms, particularly in the areas of credit, market access, and cooperative legislation, to support this development.

Key Tables and Figures

Table 1.1 shows per capita income and growth rate in Egypt from 1995-2005.
Table 1.2 presents poverty indicators in Egypt for 1995/6 and 2004/5.
Table 1.3 illustrates the uneven distribution of poverty across Egypt's regions in 2004/5.
Table 2.1 provides employment data in rural Upper Egypt for 1999/2000.
Table 3.1 compares social development indicators in Lower and Upper Egypt.
Table 4.1 shows economic development and sector share in Fayoum and Egypt.
Table 4.9 lists the priorities for the 10 mother villages of Tameya District.
Table 4.10 identifies needs highlighted by civil society.

Key Figures

Figure 1.1 shows the incidence of poverty by region (2004-5).
Figure 2.1 compares the share of inputs in total agricultural costs in Lower and Upper Egypt.
Figure 2.2 illustrates the share of traditional and nontraditional crops in rural income.
Figure 3.1 shows per capita public investment according to the fourth and fifth five-year plans.
Figure 3.2 presents government transfers not related to poverty levels.
Figure 4.1 outlines the structure of the milk and milk products sub-sector.
Figure 4.2 shows the actors involved in the milk sub-sector.
Figure 4.3 depicts workshops held with stakeholders in Tameya District.

Key Boxes

Box 2.1 discusses the Agricultural Export and Rural Income Project (AERI).
Box 3.1 highlights Damietta's experience in community participation.
Box 3.2 provides an example of successful local development in Qena governorate.

Background Papers

Paper #1 by Heba El-Laithy discusses non-farm employment and inequality in rural Egypt.
Paper #2 by Tarek A. Moursi, Mai El Mossallamy, and Rasha Reda analyzes interspatial productivity differences.
Paper #3 by Tamer El-Meehy explores the myth and reality of SMEs and employment in Egypt.

Acknowledgments

The report was prepared by a World Bank team led by Marie-Hélène Collion, with contributions from various experts and officials in Egypt, including the Ministry of Planning and Local Development, the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, and local governors. Additional support was provided by the FAO-CP and the World Bank-Netherlands Partnership Promotion Fund.

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