2005年-世界发展银行全球_Bolivia_Country_Program_Phase_II___Rural_Energy_and_Energy_Efficiency_Report_on_Operational_Activities_92页_4mb

Summary of ESMAP Bolivia Country Program Phase II: Rural Energy and Energy Efficiency

Core Content

The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) implemented the Bolivia Country Program Phase II (ESMAP II), which focused on Rural Energy (RE) and Energy Efficiency (EE). The program was funded by a Netherlands grant of US$1.6 million, with US$1.3 million disbursed by the end of the grant period in December 2001. The remaining amount was reimbursed to the Netherlands.

The program aimed to consolidate the achievements of Phase I and advance rural energy and energy efficiency development through four main objectives:

1. Strengthening the government's capacity to ensure sustainable rural energy and energy efficiency activities.
2. Creating incentives for energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources.
3. Ensuring the effectiveness of technical assistance and financing mechanisms.
4. Developing demonstration projects to show the application of energy efficiency measures and the penetration of rural energy.

Main Components

Rural Energy Component

The Rural Energy component focused on three key areas:

• Demonstration Projects:

  • Model 1: Extension of distribution grids by existing concessionaires.
  • Model 2: Supply of solar home systems (SHS) to commercially attractive areas.
  • Model 3: Supply of electricity to remote communities through NGOs.
    Other demonstration projects included water pumping for rural farms, PV-powered video equipment in learning centers, and passive solar heating for rural schools.

• Financial Mechanisms:
  The Rural Electrification Fund (FER) was designed to support rural electrification projects, and it received pledges from Bolivian investors totaling US$1 million. The Andean Development Corporation (ADC) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) expressed interest in leveraging US$5 million with a 4:1 debt/equity ratio.

• Institutional Development:
  ESMAP II supported institutional strengthening at the central, prefecture, and municipal levels. Activities included the development of a database on energy information, training of local officials, restructuring of the Rural Electrification Program (PRONER), and the adoption of single-phase electric lines with ground return as a low-cost technology option.

Energy Efficiency Component

The Energy Efficiency component included four main activities:

• Execution of Energy Efficiency Pilot Projects:
  Seven enterprises participated in the program, including Cervecería Ducal, Cervecería Sureña, Embotelladora Embol, Frigorífica Frigor, Tusequis, Universaltex, and Quinbol Lever. ESMAP provided technical assistance in energy metering, cost center definition, implementation of energy-saving measures, and training of technical personnel.

• Study of Electricity Demand-Side Management (DSM):
  The study analyzed the load curves of two rural power cooperatives, CRE and CESSA, and recommended four energy-saving measures:

  • Switching to fluorescent lamps with electronic reactance (reducing electricity consumption by 20–30%).
  • Replacing old refrigerators with new ones (reducing electricity consumption by 50%).
  • Using natural gas for water heating instead of electricity.
  • Improving thermal insulation in buildings to reduce air conditioning use (reducing electricity consumption by 70%).
    The study estimated that these measures would save US$26.3 million in Santa Cruz and US$3.2 million in Sucre over a ten-year period, with investment savings for power utilities of US$90 million and US$16 million respectively.

• Co-generation Study in the Sugar Industry:
  The study focused on sugar refineries in Santa Cruz (UNAGRO and GUABIRÁ). It analyzed energy input and output for production processes, including bagasse utilization. The study highlighted that co-generation could reduce electricity prices for utilities and consumers, but the lack of regulatory frameworks and public information constrained its development.

• Mechanisms Supporting Energy Efficiency:

  • Technical Assistance Mechanism: The CPTS (Centro para la Promoción de Tecnologías Sostenibles) was responsible for providing technical support and educating government officials, the private sector, and civil society on energy efficiency and pollution prevention.
  • Financial Mechanism: The Biomass Fund was established in 2000 by the World Bank/ESMAP and FUNDA-PRO to finance energy efficiency and pollution control projects. It had US$1 million and had already funded 53 projects worth US$389,000, with 99 more projects pending approval.

Key Information

• Rural Electrification Coverage: Only 23% of Bolivia’s population was electrified in rural areas, compared to 50% nationally.
• Private Participation: After the sector reform, private investment increased, but negligible in rural electrification.
• Challenges:
  • Complex implementation arrangements led to delays.
  • Insufficient regulations on land titles and water use rights hindered water pumping projects.
  • Subsidies for conventional fuels undermined the development of alternative energy sources.
• Lessons Learned:
  • ESMAP projects should focus on one or two major activities for better outcomes.
  • Implementation should start only when policymakers commit to the project.
  • Subsidies for conventional fuels should be reduced or removed if alternative fuels are equally or less costly.
  • Overhead costs should be minimized by reducing the number of consultants hired.

Conclusion

The ESMAP II program made significant contributions to rural electrification and energy efficiency in Bolivia. It provided technical assistance, financial mechanisms, and institutional development to support these goals. Despite challenges in implementation and regulatory environment, the program generated valuable data and analyses that could be used for future policy and project development. The key takeaway is the importance of focused activities, policy commitment, and reform of subsidies to ensure the success of rural energy and energy efficiency initiatives.