战略与国际研究中心-Policy-Papers-on-the-Americas_-Ogdensburg-Revisited_-Adapting-Canada_36页_331kb

报告摘要

Summary of Ogdensburg Revisited: Adapting Canada-U.S. Security Cooperation to the New International Era

Core Content

This policy paper by Ben Rowswell examines the evolution and future of Canada-U.S. security cooperation in the context of global terrorism and the changing nature of international threats. It argues that the traditional model of security collaboration, rooted in the Ogdensburg Declaration of 1940, must be updated to address the new realities of the 21st century.

Main Viewpoints

A New Era of Security Threats: The 9/11 attacks marked the return of international conflict to North America, shifting the focus from state-based threats to non-state actors like terrorist groups.
Unique Model of Integration: Canada and the United States share the world's largest economic and social integration without formal political union, which has historically supported their security cooperation.
Ogdensburg Bargain: The 1940 Ogdensburg Declaration established a framework where the U.S. provided security for Canada in exchange for Canadian commitment to protect U.S. territory from foreign threats. This model is seen as foundational to the deep bilateral relationship.
Security Vulnerability: The interconnectedness of the two nations means that a terrorist attack on one can have severe implications for the other, especially as threats increasingly come from within rather than from foreign armies.
Erosion of Confidence: Recent events, such as Canada's non-participation in the 2003 Iraq War and the treatment of Canadian citizen Maher Arar, have led to a crisis of confidence in the Canada-U.S. security relationship.
Need for a Coordinated Approach: To preserve the unique integration model and address shared security challenges, the paper proposes a new, coordinated approach to domestic security cooperation that maintains sovereignty while enhancing mutual protection.

Key Information

Historical Context

Ogdensburg Declaration (1940): Established a mutual security commitment between Canada and the U.S., leading to the creation of the Permanent Joint Board of Defense.
Post-World War II Security Cooperation: The partnership evolved with the formation of NORAD (1958), which focused on air defense across the continent.
Civilian Security Collaboration: In the late 20th century, security cooperation expanded beyond the military to include law enforcement, customs, and immigration agencies.

Economic and Social Integration

Auto Pact (1965): Integrated the automobile industries of Canada and the U.S., significantly boosting trade and employment.
Free Trade Agreement (1989): Strengthened economic ties, making the U.S. Canada's largest trading partner.
Social Ties: Canadians and Americans share deep cultural, educational, and social connections, reinforcing their economic integration.

Foreign Policy Flexibility

Divergent Policies: The lack of political integration allows Canada and the U.S. to pursue distinct foreign policies, even while sharing a common security commitment.
Examples of Disagreement: Canada's stance on the Iraq War and its independent approach to issues like the International Criminal Court and landmines illustrate this flexibility.

Impact of Global Terrorism

U.S. Response: The U.S. has significantly increased domestic security measures, including the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and enhanced surveillance.
Canada's Vulnerability: A terrorist attack on U.S. soil from Canadian territory could severely disrupt trade and social ties, affecting Canada's economic and social stability.
Public Perception: The U.S. has begun to view Canada as a potential security risk, which could lead to stricter border controls and reduced access for Canadians.

Crisis of Confidence

Iraq War and Maher Arar Case: These events have strained the trust between the two nations, highlighting the need for renewed cooperation.
Smart Border Initiative: A joint effort to improve border security while maintaining legitimate trade and movement, though not sufficient to restore full confidence.

Proposed Solutions

Variable Approach: A flexible security framework that allows for different levels of cooperation depending on the threat.
Integrated Approach: A more comprehensive model that combines military, intelligence, and law enforcement efforts.
Coordinated Approach: Emphasizes mutual commitment and shared responsibility, with a focus on aligning domestic security policies.

Conclusion

Rowswell concludes that the Ogdensburg model, while historically effective, must be adapted to address the challenges of global terrorism. A new, coordinated security relationship is essential to preserve the deep economic and social integration between Canada and the U.S., while ensuring both nations can act in their mutual interest.

About the Author

Ben Rowswell is associated with the CSIS Americas Program, which focuses on research and analysis of U.S.-Canada relations and broader issues in the Americas.