2015年-世界发展银行全球_What_Makes_a_Sustainable_City____Sampling_of_Global_Case_Studies_Highlighting_Innovative_Approaches_to_Sustainability_in_Urban_Areas_55页_16mb

Summary of What Makes a Sustainable City?

Core Content

This document explores innovative approaches to urban sustainability through a series of global case studies. It highlights how cities in developing countries are implementing strategies to improve fiscal, environmental, and social sustainability. The focus is on how cities are leveraging technology, public-private partnerships, and policy reforms to manage rapid urbanization effectively and equitably.

Main Viewpoints

• Urbanization Trends: The world is becoming increasingly urban, with two-thirds of the population expected to live in cities by 2050. Cities are major contributors to GDP and are key drivers of national economic growth.
• Urban Challenges: Cities face significant challenges such as inequality, lack of infrastructure, and unreliable funding sources. These issues are exacerbated by high service delivery costs and weak governance.
• Role of the World Bank: The World Bank Group is actively supporting cities in developing countries through various initiatives, including fiscal reforms, infrastructure development, and innovative financing tools.
• Technology and Innovation: Technology plays a crucial role in improving urban governance, revenue collection, and service delivery. Examples include GIS-based systems, electronic invoicing, and mobile payment solutions.
• Social Sustainability: Ensuring access to basic services such as water and sanitation is a key component of sustainable urban development, especially for the urban poor living in informal settlements.

Key Information

Arusha, Tanzania

• Objective: Improve fiscal sustainability through modern revenue collection.
• Challenge: Inefficient and unreliable property tax collection, low public trust in the system.
• Solution: Implementation of a GIS-based electronic revenue collection system.
• Impact:
  • 75% increase in annual revenue within one year.
  • Tripled the number of eligible taxpayers from 31,160 to 104,620.
  • 90% of annual development programs now funded by own-source revenues.
  • Constructed infrastructure such as roads, schools, and health centers.
• Key Factors for Success:
  • Public communication and engagement.
  • Involvement of local leaders to build trust.
  • Use of technology to improve transparency and reduce corruption.

Johannesburg, South Africa

• Objective: Achieve fiscal and social sustainability through urban development and financial reforms.
• Challenge: High unemployment, inequality, and rising service delivery costs.
• Solution: Adoption of tax increment financing (TIF) and urban regeneration projects.
• Impact:
  • 168% increase in revenue collection for fiscal year 2014/2015.
  • Improved financial governance with unqualified audit reports.
  • Development of a capital investment plan to enhance resilience and energy efficiency.
• Key Factors for Success:
  • Institutional reforms and financial management improvements.
  • Collaboration with the World Bank and other stakeholders.
  • Use of a shadow credit rating to improve creditworthiness and access to capital markets.

Nairobi, Kenya

• Objective: Extend water and sanitation services to the urban poor in informal settlements.
• Challenge: Limited access to services, perceived inability of informal settlers to pay, and poor complaint management systems.
• Solution: Subsidies, loans, and the MajiVoice complaint management tool.
• Impact:
  • Over 110,000 people connected to water and sewerage networks.
  • Complaint resolution rates increased from 46% to 94% within the first year.
  • Revenue collection doubled in the Kayole Soweto slum through mobile payment systems.
• Key Factors for Success:
  • Use of mobile technology to improve service access and payment efficiency.
  • Subsidies and financial support from the Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid.
  • Enhanced accountability and responsiveness through the MajiVoice system.

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

• Objective: Enhance urban resilience and competitiveness through integrated strategies.
• Challenge: Rapid urbanization, flood risk, and vulnerability due to low-lying geography.
• Solution: Institutional reforms, private sector participation, and infrastructure development.
• Impact:
  • Improved flood risk management and urban resilience.
  • Increased competitiveness through better financial management and governance.
• Key Factors for Success:
  • Integration of flood management and urban development.
  • Collaboration with the private sector to enhance infrastructure and services.
  • Use of technology and data to support planning and management.

Conclusion

The case studies demonstrate that sustainable urban development requires a multifaceted approach, combining technological innovation, financial reforms, and social inclusion. Cities like Arusha, Johannesburg, and Nairobi have successfully implemented strategies to improve their fiscal sustainability and service delivery, setting examples for other urban centers in Africa and beyond. These initiatives are not only transforming urban governance but also enhancing the quality of life for residents, particularly the urban poor.