2002年-世界发展银行全球_State_and_Local_Governance_in_Nigeria_78页_5mb

Summary of the World Bank Report on State and Local Governance in Nigeria (Report No.24477-UNI)

Core Content

This report, prepared by the World Bank in 2002, examines the state and local governance capacity in Nigeria, with a focus on the challenges and opportunities for reform in the context of the 1999 constitution. The study aims to provide insights for the Federal Government of Nigeria and the World Bank to support capacity building initiatives, particularly in public financial management and civil services. It also highlights the importance of understanding the historical and political context of Nigerian federalism to better design and implement development programs.

Main Points

1. Purpose of the Study

• To assess the capacity of state and local governments in Nigeria.
• To inform the Federal Government and the World Bank about the strengths and weaknesses of governance at these levels.
• To lay the groundwork for future Bank support in strengthening selected institutions.

2. Methodology

• A multidisciplinary team conducted field investigations in six states: Bauchi, Nasarawa, Rivers, Anambra, Ogun, and Sokoto.
• These states were selected to represent each of Nigeria's six geo-political zones.
• Approximately 200 individuals, including officials, civil servants, and NGO members, were interviewed.

3. Key Findings

• Variation in Governance Capacity: There is significant variation in governance capacity across states. While all states were affected by military rule, some maintained better civil service capacity.
• New Generation of Governors: A new generation of state governors with private sector backgrounds is emerging, focusing on performance rather than patronage.
• Need for Reform: There is a growing opportunity for external support in public sector reform, including modernizing civil services, strengthening financial management, and improving accountability.
• Fiscal Challenges: Many states are overstaffed and face fiscal imbalances. The recent increase in federal salaries has strained state finances, highlighting the need for a Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF).
• Rehabilitation of Institutions: There is a pressing need to invest in the rehabilitation of national and state civil service training institutions and update curricula to align with new governance practices.
• Fiscal Restraint: States must demonstrate more fiscal restraint, especially during periods of high oil revenues, to build financial credibility and manage budget predictability.

4. Historical Context

A. Federalism Before Independence

• Nigeria was formed in 1914 through the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates and the Crown Colony of Lagos.
• The unification was driven by economic considerations rather than political ones.
• The Central Secretariat was established to manage integrated services like military, treasury, and audit.
• Regional differences and nationalist sentiments led to political tensions and resistance to centralization.

B. Federalism After Independence: The "First Republic" (1960–66)

• Nigeria became a multi-party democracy with a federal constitution.
• Political instability arose due to ethnic and regional tensions.
• The 1962/63 population census led to significant political conflict and ultimately the first military coup in 1966.

C. The First Period of Military Rule (1966–79)

• The military took control and restructured the federal system.
• The number of states increased from 4 to 12, with a reduction in state autonomy.
• The derivation principle was reduced from 50% to 10%, centralizing fiscal control.
• The military also took over agricultural commodity marketing boards and income tax rates, further diminishing state revenue.

D. The "Second Republic" (1979–83)

• The military ceded power to a civilian government under a new constitution.
• The federal structure was significantly altered, with states becoming more dependent on federal funds.
• The economy became heavily reliant on oil, which accounted for about half of Nigeria's GDP.

E. The Second Period of Military Rule (1984–99)

• Military rule resumed after the Second Republic.
• The federal structure remained largely unchanged, with continued centralization of revenue and power.

F. The "Third Republic" (1999–Present)

• The current democratic era has seen a focus on rehabilitating governance structures.
• There is an ongoing need for reform, including modernizing civil services and improving financial management.

Key Information

• Currency Equivalents: 1 Nigerian Naira (NGN) = US$0.00831601; US$1 = NGN120.25.
• Fiscal Year: January 1 to December 31.
• Acronyms:
  • CDD: Community Driven Development
  • MTEF: Medium Term Expenditure Framework
  • IGRA: Internally Generated Revenue
  • ING: Interim National Government
  • LGA: Local Government Area
• Governance Capacity:
  • There is a need for capacity building in civil services and financial management.
  • External support should be aligned with state reform commitments.
  • Structural constraints, such as overstaffing and fiscal imbalances, must be addressed.

The Way Forward

• Capacity Building: Support for modernizing civil services and strengthening financial management is essential.
• Reform Framework: A challenge framework for state government reform is needed to guide the process.
• Federal Role: The federal government must play a supportive role in enabling states to improve their capacity and address fiscal imbalances.
• Balanced Approach: There is a case for balancing common systems with state innovation and variation.

Conclusion

This report underscores the importance of understanding Nigeria's historical federalism and current governance challenges to support effective reform and capacity building. It serves as a foundational document for future assistance programs and highlights the need for a sustainable and systematic approach to improving state and local governance in Nigeria.