【联合国粮食及农业组织】世界粮食和农业生物多样性状况_573页_18mb

The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture (2019) Summary

Core Content

The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture (2019) report, published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), provides a comprehensive analysis of the current status, drivers, and management practices of biodiversity for food and agriculture (BFA). It outlines the importance of BFA in supporting ecosystem services, enhancing resilience, and promoting sustainable intensification, livelihoods, and food security. The report also emphasizes the role of policies, institutions, and capacities in enabling the conservation and sustainable use of BFA.

Main Points

1. Definition and Importance of Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture (BFA)

• BFA encompasses all genetic resources (plant, animal, forest, aquatic) and associated biodiversity (pollinators, soil organisms, etc.) that contribute to food and agricultural systems.
• BFA is essential for ecosystem services, resilience, sustainable intensification, livelihoods, and food security and nutrition.

2. Key Roles of BFA

• Ecosystem Services: BFA supports provisioning, regulating, and cultural services.
  • Provisioning: Provides food, feed, and raw materials.
  • Regulating: Maintains soil fertility, pollination, pest control, and climate regulation.
  • Cultural: Has spiritual, aesthetic, and traditional significance.
• Resilience: BFA enhances the ability of food systems to withstand environmental and socio-economic changes.
• Sustainable Intensification: BFA supports increased productivity without degrading the environment.
• Livelihoods: BFA contributes to the well-being of rural communities through diversified food sources and traditional practices.
• Food Security and Nutrition: BFA ensures availability, access, utilization, and stability of food, and plays a role in nutrition and food systems.

3. Drivers of Change Affecting BFA

• Economic and Social Drivers: Population growth, urbanization, market dynamics, and cultural shifts.
• Environmental Drivers: Climate change, natural disasters, pests, diseases, and invasive alien species.
• Science and Technology: Innovations in agriculture, genetics, and biotechnology.
• Production System Changes: Land and water use, pollution, overexploitation, and policy frameworks.
• Gender and Traditional Knowledge: Women's involvement and the preservation of traditional knowledge are key factors in biodiversity management.

4. Status and Trends of BFA

• Genetic Resources: Decline in diversity and availability of plant, animal, forest, and aquatic genetic resources.
• Associated Biodiversity: Loss of pollinators, soil organisms, and species contributing to ecosystem services.
• Wild Foods: Many wild food species are at risk due to habitat loss, climate change, and overharvesting.
• Ecosystems: Wetlands, mangroves, seagrasses, coral reefs, forests, and rangelands are critical for BFA but face significant threats.

5. Management Practices and Conservation Efforts

• Ecosystem, Landscape, and Seascape Approaches: These are used to promote biodiversity and sustainability in various regions.
• Restoration Practices: Efforts to restore degraded ecosystems and biodiversity are increasing, though challenges remain.
• Diversification: Integrated crop-livestock systems, agroforestry, and home gardens are promoted as ways to enhance biodiversity.
• Conservation Methods: In situ and ex situ conservation strategies are employed, including protected areas, seed banks, and genebanks.
• Soil Biodiversity: Soil health is critical for sustainable agriculture, with initiatives to maintain microbial diversity.

6. Policy and Legal Frameworks

• International Agreements: The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), FAO’s Voluntary Guidelines, and IUCN Green List are important for biodiversity conservation.
• National Policies: Countries are developing frameworks to integrate BFA into food and nutrition security, climate change adaptation, and sustainable land and water use.
• Incentives and Education: Incentive schemes and educational programs are crucial for promoting sustainable practices and preserving traditional knowledge.

Key Information

• Conservation Challenges: Many species are at risk of extinction or loss, particularly in regions with high biodiversity.
• Technological Advances: Molecular techniques and data analysis are being used to characterize genetic resources and associated biodiversity.
• Regional Examples: The report includes case studies from various countries, such as Bangladesh, Solomon Islands, Panama, and Japan, showcasing successful biodiversity management practices.
• In Situ vs. Ex Situ Conservation: Both approaches are vital, but ex situ conservation (e.g., genebanks) is more common for plant and animal genetic resources.
• Role of Women and Local Communities: Women and local communities play a significant role in biodiversity management, especially in the context of climate change and traditional knowledge.

Needs and Priorities

• Enhanced Data Collection and Monitoring: Better understanding of BFA status and trends is needed.
• Policy Integration: Strengthening the integration of biodiversity into national and international policy frameworks.
• Support for Small-Scale Producers: Encouraging sustainable practices and community-based conservation.
• Promotion of Agroecology and Conservation Agriculture: These approaches are critical for long-term biodiversity and food system sustainability.
• Mainstreaming Traditional Knowledge: Safeguarding indigenous and local knowledge for biodiversity conservation and management.

Conclusion

The report highlights the urgent need for action and investment in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity for food and agriculture. It calls for a more inclusive, integrated, and resilient approach to food systems, emphasizing the role of policy, education, and community involvement in achieving this. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 13 (Climate Action), are central to the report's message.

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Structure

• Part A: Overview
  • Introduces BFA and its role in food and agriculture.
  • Discusses key concepts and policy agendas.
• Part B: Drivers, Status and Trends
  • Analyzes the factors affecting BFA.
  • Reviews the current status and trends of genetic resources and associated biodiversity.
• Part C: State of Management
  • Details management practices and conservation efforts.
  • Explores the role of various approaches like agroecology and conservation agriculture.
• Part D: Enabling Frameworks
  • Examines policies, institutions, and capacities that support BFA.
  • Reviews legal and international frameworks, incentives, and education programs.

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References and Additional Resources

• The report includes country reports, boxes, and tables that provide detailed regional and thematic insights.
• It references international bodies such as the IUCN, FAO, and UNFCCC.
• Case studies and examples from around the world illustrate the practical application of BFA concepts.

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Citations

• FAO. 2019. The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture, J. Belanger & D. Pilling (eds.). FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments. Rome. 572 pp.
  (http://www.fao.org/3/CA3129EN/CA3129EN.pdf)
  Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.