2017年-世界发展银行全球_Global_Financial_Inclusion_and_Consumer_Protection_Survey_2017_Report_89页_2mb

2017 Global Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection Survey Summary

Core Content

The 2017 Global Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection (FICP) Survey provides a comprehensive overview of the legal, regulatory, and supervisory frameworks that support financial inclusion and consumer protection across 124 jurisdictions, representing 141 economies and over 90% of the world's unbanked adult population. The report highlights the progress made in expanding access to financial services and the challenges that remain in ensuring that these services are both inclusive and protected for consumers.

Main Findings

Financial Inclusion

• Financial Sector Landscape:

  • Most jurisdictions (over 65%) have a regulatory framework for four of the six institutional categories of financial service providers (FSPs) used in the Survey.
  • The most common categories beyond Commercial Banks are Financial Cooperatives (65%), Nonbank E-Money Issuers (NBEIs, 59%), Other Banks (57%), Other Deposit-Taking Institutions (ODTs, 56%), and Microcredit Institutions (MCIs, 52%).
  • Commercial Banks generally have the widest customer reach, though in some jurisdictions NBEIs have more customers than Commercial Banks.

• Nonbank E-Money Issuers (NBEIs):

  • 73 jurisdictions (59%) have a regulatory framework for NBEIs, with over 70% in Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia and the Pacific.
  • 63% of jurisdictions with NBEIs report that at least some NBEIs are mobile network operators (MNOs) or their subsidiaries.

• National Financial Inclusion Strategies (NFISs):

  • 34 jurisdictions (27%) have an NFIS in place, and 29 (23%) are under development.
  • 12 jurisdictions launched an NFIS in 2016.
  • There is significant variation in approval processes, coordination structures, and other key elements across jurisdictions.
  • Only 14 NFISs include a gender dimension.

• E-Money Fund Safeguarding:

  • 61 jurisdictions (86%) require that some or all customer e-money funds be separated from the e-money issuer's funds and held in a prudentially regulated institution.
  • 86% of jurisdictions prohibit NBEIs from using customer funds for purposes other than redeeming e-money and executing fund transfers.
  • 13% allow NBEIs to pay interest on customer e-money accounts; 8% allow profit sharing.

• Use of Agents and Third Parties:

  • 85% of jurisdictions allow some institutional categories of FSPs to use retail agents as third-party delivery channels.
  • Many jurisdictions have established rules to regulate the relationships between FSPs, agents, and customers.
  • Over 75% of jurisdictions with agent relationships have rules making FSPs liable for their agents' actions or omissions.

• Simplified Customer Due Diligence (CDD):

  • 50% of jurisdictions have established simplifications or exceptions to CDD requirements for certain customers or products.
  • These simplifications are most common in upper-middle-income jurisdictions (57%) and in Latin America and the Caribbean (61%).

• Product Regulation:

  • 81 jurisdictions (65%) report some form of interest rate caps or pricing limits on loans.
  • 39 jurisdictions (33%) require authorization for all new or modified financial products.
  • 30 jurisdictions (25%) apply such regulations to some new or modified products.
  • 52 jurisdictions (42%) report pricing regulations on deposit or transaction accounts.

• Credit Reporting Systems:

  • 56% of jurisdictions require Commercial Banks to check or report credit bureau information for some or all loans.
  • Only 36% of jurisdictions with Financial Cooperatives and 46% with MCIs require such reporting.
  • This highlights the challenge of broadening credit reporting coverage to support financial inclusion.

• Definitions of Microfinance, Microcredit, and Microsavings:

  • Definitions vary significantly, with only 36% of jurisdictions reporting formal definitions for "microfinance," 41% for "microcredit," and 13% for "microsavings."
  • Jurisdictions with MCIs are more likely to define these terms, but over 30% of them do not.

Financial Consumer Protection

• Legal and Regulatory Frameworks:

  • Over 95% of jurisdictions have some form of legal framework for financial consumer protection.
  • 76% have consumer protection provisions within financial sector laws (e.g., banking law).
  • 21% have standalone laws for financial consumer protection.
  • 34% have a general consumer protection law with explicit references to financial services.
  • Many jurisdictions have overlapping, conflicting, or incomplete legal frameworks.

• Institutional Arrangements:

  • 55 jurisdictions (45%) use an Integrated Sectoral Financial Sector Authority model.
  • 86 jurisdictions (75%) have a specialized unit for financial consumer protection within a broader institution.
  • 17 jurisdictions (21%) established such a unit since 2013.

• Supervision and Enforcement:

  • Common supervisory activities include onsite/offsite examinations, data collection on fees and complaints, and market monitoring.
  • Only less than 30% of jurisdictions conduct mystery shopping or consumer research.
  • Enforcement powers include issuing warnings, imposing fines, and penalties, which have increased since 2013.

• Disclosure and Transparency:

  • 94% of jurisdictions require Commercial Banks to provide specific product information to customers.
  • Disclosure requirements vary in content, timing, and format.
  • 65% of jurisdictions require a key facts statement (KFS) for at least one product, primarily for Commercial Banks.

• Fair Treatment and Business Conduct:

  • 90% of jurisdictions prohibit unfair, excessive, or abusive terms in customer agreements.
  • 100% of jurisdictions have provisions to restrict excessive borrowing by individuals.
  • Most require repayment ability assessments but do not set specific limits.

• Complaints Handling and Dispute Resolution:

  • 74% of jurisdictions require FSPs to implement procedures for resolving customer complaints.
  • 65% have an out-of-court ADR entity (e.g., financial ombudsman).
  • Common complaint topics include excessive interest/fees, unclear terms, mistaken/unauthorized transactions, ATM issues, and fraud.

• Financial Capability:

  • 44 jurisdictions have financial capability strategies in place; 27 are under development.
  • 87% of jurisdictions have conducted nationally representative surveys on financial capability.
  • 30% have integrated financial education into government social assistance programs.

Key Policies and Trends

• Digital Financial Services:

  • NBEIs are a key driver of digital financial services.
  • There is a growing trend toward the development of national financial inclusion strategies.

• Regulatory Reforms:

  • Jurisdictions are pursuing reforms such as licensing NBEIs, using retail agents, and implementing simplified CDD.
  • Progress is uneven, with some jurisdictions leading the way and others still in early stages.

• Consumer Protection:

  • The focus on fair treatment, transparency, and dispute resolution is increasing.
  • Enforcement powers have expanded, but challenges remain in implementation and effectiveness.

Conclusion

The 2017 Global FICP Survey underscores the importance of an enabling environment that supports both financial inclusion and consumer protection. While significant progress has been made in recent years, challenges persist in ensuring that all consumers, especially those in underserved regions, have access to safe and effective financial services. The report serves as a benchmarking tool for financial sector authorities to assess and improve their regulatory and supervisory approaches.