2011年-世界发展银行全球_Costing_Adaptations_through_Local_Institutions___Village_Survey_Results_-_Yemen_132页_2mb

Summary of "Costing Adaptation through Local Institutions Village Survey Results: Yemen"

Core Content

This document presents the findings of the "Costing Adaptation through Local Institutions" (CALI) study conducted in Yemen, as part of a broader initiative to understand the role of local institutions in climate change adaptation. The study focuses on the vulnerability profiles of households, the adaptation strategies they employ, and the role of institutions in supporting these efforts. It also includes policy recommendations aimed at improving climate resilience in Yemeni communities.

Main Results

• Highly Exposed Villages are not Necessarily Vulnerable: Despite high exposure to climate variability, some villages are not necessarily the most vulnerable due to other factors such as access to alternative income sources, proximity to urban centers, and socio-economic conditions.

• Other Hazards also have Impacts on Climate Change Adaptation: Issues such as increased incidence of human and animal diseases and rising water prices significantly affect households' ability to adapt to climate change, leading to financial strain and the sale of assets like livestock and jewelry.

• Only a Few Strategies are Currently Being Used: On average, households use 1.7 adaptation strategies. About 40% of surveyed households did not adopt any of the listed strategies. The most common strategies are related to water management and agricultural techniques.

• Adaptation Strategies Differ Across Farming Systems:

  • Rainfed areas (e.g., Al Wathan, Magahem Asha'abi Dhi-Shraq, Muaneet) have the highest number of adaptation strategies.
  • Dryland areas focus primarily on agricultural and water management strategies.
  • Highland areas adopt a mix of strategies, but the average number is low.

• Strategies Mostly Aim at Reducing Sensitivity to Climate Variability: Most strategies aim to reduce the sensitivity of households to climate variability, such as irrigation, fertilizer/pesticide use, and terrace construction. Only migration is considered a coping strategy.

• Strategies to Improve Coping Capacity are Hardly Applied: Coping capacity strategies, such as migration, are limited. Other potential strategies like home-garden agriculture or increased market sales are rarely used.

• Female-Dominated Households Apply More Strategies: Female-headed households tend to adopt more adaptation strategies than male-headed ones. They use similar strategies but are more inclined to focus on sensitivity reduction rather than coping strategies.

• Institutions Play a Minor Role in Preparing for Climate Change: Institutions are not frequently engaged by households in the adaptation process. Only 7% of households have contact with institutions, and only half of these find it useful.

• Institutions Hardly Provide any Assistance: Most adaptation strategies are implemented by households using their own resources. Formal institutions rarely provide assistance in terms of training, inputs, or cash, while informal networks like neighbors and clan members play a more significant role.

Key Information

• Vulnerability: Measured through exposure, sensitivity, and coping capacity. Households in dryland areas show lower cash-crop earnings, less income diversification, and lower educational levels, making them more vulnerable.

• Adaptation Strategies:

  • Most are aimed at reducing sensitivity to climate variability.
  • Fewer strategies focus on improving coping capacity.
  • The most common strategies include irrigation, terracing, and crop selection.

• Cost Estimates:

  • The cost of irrigation is the highest among adaptation strategies.
  • Cost estimates are difficult to interpret due to variability in implementation and resource availability.

• Institutional Access:

  • Limited institutional support and low engagement with formal institutions.
  • Households rely more on informal networks for assistance.
  • Institutional coverage is low, and trust in national government is lacking, especially in rural areas.

• Data Collection:

  • Conducted in six villages across Yemen.
  • Involves household surveys, focus group discussions, and institutional stakeholder interviews.
  • The study also includes demographic, agricultural, and livestock data.

Policy Recommendations

• More Emphasis on Coping Strategies: Policies should encourage strategies that improve coping capacity, such as migration and diversified income sources, especially for vulnerable households.

• Improve Water Resource Management: There is a need to expand the implementation of water management strategies to address declining groundwater levels and improve overall water availability.

• Financial Burden of Yemeni Households: Addressing the financial constraints of households is crucial, as many cannot afford more expensive adaptation strategies like irrigation.

• Increase Ownership to Implement Community Strategies: Encourage community-led initiatives and increase local ownership of adaptation strategies to ensure sustainability and effectiveness.

• Institutions Should Put More Emphasis on Climate Change Adaptation Strategies: Formal institutions should be more involved in climate adaptation, providing training, inputs, and financial support to households.

• Continuation of Community-Based Initiatives: Support and continue community-based projects like the RALP Project to enhance local adaptation efforts.

Conclusion

The study highlights the importance of understanding the diverse adaptation strategies used by Yemeni households and the limited role of formal institutions in supporting them. It underscores the need for policy interventions that focus on improving coping capacity, water resource management, and institutional support to enhance climate resilience in vulnerable communities.