2017年-世界发展银行全球_Investment_Policy_and_Promotion_Diagnostics_and_Tools___Maximizing_the_Potential_Benefits_of_Foreign_Direct_Investment_for_Competitiveness_and_Development_40页_2mb

报告摘要

Summary of Investment Policy and Promotion: Diagnostics & Tools

Core Content

This document outlines the World Bank Group's (WBG) approach to designing and implementing investment policies that maximize the development benefits of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). It emphasizes the importance of understanding the different types of FDI and the lifecycle of investment to create a more competitive and sustainable economy.

Main Viewpoints

FDI as a driver of development: FDI can contribute to economic growth, diversification, job creation, and the transfer of technology and skills. However, its benefits are not automatic and depend on the type of investment and the policy framework in place.
Investment Vision is crucial: A clear investment vision helps governments design policies that align with their development goals and attract the right type of FDI. It also enables the integration of the domestic economy into global value chains (GVCs).
Investment is a relationship: FDI is not just a one-time transaction but involves a multi-stage relationship between foreign investors, governments, domestic firms, and civil society. The success of FDI depends on the government's ability to manage this relationship throughout its lifecycle.
FDI Typology is essential: Different types of FDI (Natural Resource-Seeking, Domestic Market-Seeking, Efficiency-Seeking, and Strategic Asset-Seeking) have different impacts and require tailored policy responses. Understanding these types helps governments identify which FDI is most beneficial for their development.
Investment Lifecycle framework: The document introduces a framework that outlines the stages of FDI, from attraction to establishment, operation, and expansion, and highlights the specific policy challenges at each stage.

Key Information

Types of FDI and Their Characteristics

Type of FDI	Key Attracting Factors	Key Features/Process	Political Economy/Challenges	Historical Perspective	Relationship with Trade
Natural Resource-Seeking	Location, quantity, and quality of natural resources (oil, gas, minerals, land, water)	Frequent starting point for investment policy programs in developing countries (DCs)	Distribution of rents, sovereignty, Dutch disease, rent-seeking structures, labor rights, environment	Oldest type of FDI; rooted in colonialism; currently growing due to increased demand for raw materials	Original vehicle for trade
Domestic Market-Seeking	Market dimensions, income per capita, market growth, consumer preferences	Tends to occur through M&A; vehicle for SMEs to enter international markets	Crowding-out of domestic production, competition policy, national security	Some initial flows in the 19th century; shifted with ISI policies; growing due to services trade	Protectionist policies
Efficiency-Seeking	International production patterns, systemic competitiveness, access to export markets	Export-oriented; net generator of foreign exchange and jobs; promotes technology transfer	Systemic competitiveness is hard to achieve; competition among countries; signals matter	Result of GATT trade liberalization; currently in vogue through international value chains	Makes trade grow exponentially
Strategic Asset-Seeking	Existence of strategic assets in firms (brand, distribution system, technology)	Often involves M&A; generates champion companies in DCs	Rising economic protectionism; more common South-North FDI; reaction against public investors	Traditionally limited to North-North FDI; growing in DCs in the last 20 years	-

Investment Lifecycle

The Investment Lifecycle framework describes the stages of FDI and the associated policy challenges:

Investment Attraction: Marketing the country to potential investors and sharing information on the benefits of investing.
Investment Establishment: Legal and practical steps required to set up a business in the host country.
Investment Operation: Management and operation of the investment, including employment, sourcing, and technology transfer.
Investment Expansion: Encouraging the investment to expand, leading to linkages and spillovers that help the domestic economy move up the value chain.

Investment Reform Map (IRM)

The Investment Reform Map (IRM) is a tool developed by the WBG to help governments:

Connect the dots: Understand the complex variables that influence a country's ability to insert itself into the international economy.
Design reform agendas: Prioritize domestic reforms that will enhance the country's competitiveness and facilitate better FDI.
Translate vision into action: Implement concrete actions within national political calendars, ensuring measurable results.

Importance of Policy Coordination

Developing countries often struggle with investment policy formulation, coordination, and implementation due to a lack of information and capacity. This leads to poor policy outcomes and undermines the ability to attract and retain investment. The WBG emphasizes the need for a logical framework that enables governments to align their investment policies with development goals.

Conclusion

To maximize the benefits of FDI, governments must adopt a strategic and dynamic investment policy framework that accounts for the type of investment, the investment lifecycle, and the policy challenges at each stage. The WBG provides a set of toolkits and a diagnostic approach (such as the Investment Competitiveness Diagnosis or ICD) to help countries in this process.

Key Tools and Frameworks

Investment Reform Map (IRM): A tool to help governments identify and implement necessary reforms.
Investment Competitiveness Diagnosis (ICD): A diagnostic tool to assess the competitiveness of a country's investment environment.
FDI Typology: A classification system to understand the different impacts of FDI.
Investment Promotion Agencies (IPA): Institutions that help attract and support FDI.

References

World Bank Group (WBG)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
Global Value Chains (GVCs)
Multi-National Enterprises (MNEs)

Final Notes

FDI is not a panacea: While it can be a powerful tool for development, its success depends on the policy environment and government capacity.
Different types of FDI require different policy approaches.
Long-term relationship management is essential for maximizing the benefits of FDI.
Systemic competitiveness and linkages are critical for moving up the value chain and achieving sustainable development.

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