2010年-世界发展银行全球_Industrial_Wastewater_Management_in_River_Basins_Nhue-Day_and_Dongnai_Project___Final_Report_176页_2mb

Summary of Industrial Wastewater Management in River Basins Nhue-Day and Dong Nai Project

Core Content

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of industrial wastewater management in the Nhue-Day and Dong Nai River Basins in Vietnam. Conducted by LBCD Consultants Inc. and Experco International Ltd. in collaboration with the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI), the study was carried out between February and October 2009. It includes three main parts: inventory development, regulatory and institutional framework assessment, and recommendations for an investment program.

Main Findings

Industrial Wastewater Inventory

• A detailed inventory of industries and activities polluting the Nhue-Day and Dong Nai River Basins was conducted.
• The North (Hanoi, Ha Nam, Nam Dinh) has more industrial clusters and points than the South (Dong Nai, HCMC, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, BR-VT).
• In the North, most industrial zones lack wastewater treatment infrastructure, while in the South, 63% of 75 industrial zones have operational or under-construction centralized wastewater treatment plants (CETPs).
• Hanoi contributes the most to pollution in the North, while Dong Nai, HCMC, and BR-VT are the main contributors in the South.
• Many craft villages are located in former Ha Tay, Nam Dinh, and Ha Nam provinces, and most lack any wastewater treatment infrastructure.

Regulatory and Institutional Gaps

• Current regulations are inconsistent and overlapping, leading to confusion in responsibilities among agencies.
• Circular 08/2009 by MONRE is the only national guideline for industrial parks, and other ministries need to issue clear implementation guidelines.
• DONREs (Department of Natural Resource and Environment) are recommended to manage large stand-alone industries, while IZAs (Industrial Zone Authorities) should lead environmental monitoring and data management.
• IZAs should be responsible for issuing and monitoring Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), Wastewater Discharge Permits (WWDPs), and Environmental Protection Commitments (EPCs).
• Monitoring should be unannounced and more frequent to ensure compliance.
• Craft villages should be managed by DONREs or River Basin Committees, with support for cleaner production and communal wastewater treatment.

Environmental Fees and Sanctions

• Current environmental fees are insufficient to cover costs and do not serve as strong disincentives for poor performance.
• Sanctions for environmental violations are not enforced effectively, and penalties are not severe enough.
• It is recommended to increase fees and strengthen sanctions to encourage compliance.

Contaminated Site Restoration

• There is a lack of legal basis for assessing liability and cleaning up former industrial sites.
• A structured Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) process is needed, including Phase One and Phase Two assessments, with the former owner responsible for cleanup.

Key Recommendations

Part A: Inventory Development

• A comprehensive database of industrial land use and pollution sources should be established.
• The MONRE-DONREs should be the main partners in maintaining and updating the inventory.
• IZAs should be responsible for collecting data from industries and ensuring transparency.
• The inventory format can be combined with geographical data and regional pollution sources for detailed analysis.

Part B: Regulatory and Institutional Framework

• Regulatory reforms are needed to clarify roles and responsibilities among agencies, especially regarding CETP construction and environmental monitoring.
• IZAs should be empowered to issue and monitor EIA, WWDP, and EPC.
• DONREs should manage large stand-alone industries and ensure that they comply with environmental regulations.
• Craft villages should be treated as entities and obtain WWDPs, not individual households.
• Environmental Management Plans should be developed for the most polluted craft villages, including cleaner production training and low-cost wastewater treatment options.

Part C: Investment Program Recommendations

• A Technical Assistance Program is recommended to support the National Steering Committee and River Basin Committees in planning and implementing pollution control measures.
• Funds for Urban Industrial Pollution Reduction should be established at the provincial level to support SMEs with partial grants (30–40% of relocation and treatment costs).
• Cleaner production should be promoted, with expert teams created within River Basin Committees.
• Infrastructure development should prioritize centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in industrial estates, with flexible and cost-effective technologies based on the scale and location of the industrial estate.
• Technology options:
  • Industrial Parks: SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor) due to high flow and limited space.
  • Industrial Clusters: Aerated lagoons for lower costs but requiring more space.
  • Industrial Points: Facultative ponds for low capital and operating costs, though they require more land.
• Sludge disposal costs vary depending on the type and concentration of pollutants, with natural technologies reducing sludge production and costs.

Cost Estimations

Capital Investment Costs (USD)

• Industrial Parks:
  • Hanoi: $33,340,000
  • Ha Nam: $9,450,000
  • Nam Dinh: $22,750,000
  • Total Nhue-Day: $65,540,000
• Industrial Clusters:
  • Hanoi: $18,762,500
  • Ha Nam: $930,000
  • Nam Dinh: $8,363,750
  • Total Nhue-Day: $28,056,250
• Industrial Points:
  • Hanoi: $3,280,000
  • Ha Nam: $325,000
  • Total Nhue-Day: $3,605,000

Cost Assumptions

• Estimated wastewater flow per estate: Area (ha) × 17.6 m³/day per ha
• Technology choices:
  • SBR for industrial parks due to high flow and limited space.
  • Aerated lagoons for industrial clusters.
  • Facultative ponds for industrial points.
• Unit costs:
  • SBR: $500/m³ for 1500–4500 m³/day, $700/m³ for 3000–4500 m³/day.
  • Aerated lagoons: $550/m³ for 400–1400 m³/day, $650/m³ for 150–300 m³/day.
  • Facultative ponds: $650/m³ for 100 m³/day.
• Operation and maintenance costs:
  • SBR: $0.07/m³
  • Aerated lagoons: $0.08/m³ (for big) or $0.076/m³ (for small) + $4800/year for man power.
• Sludge disposal costs:
  • SBR: $4.12 per 1000 m³ of wastewater.
  • Aerated lagoons and facultative ponds: $0 per ton (as they produce minimal sludge).

Conclusion

The report highlights the urgent need for institutional and regulatory reforms, comprehensive inventories, and targeted interventions to improve industrial wastewater management in Vietnam. The technical assistance program is a critical first step in building capacity and ensuring compliance. The investment in CETPs, cleaner production, and pollution control is essential, especially in the North, where the development is more recent and infrastructure is lacking. The provincial-level funding mechanisms and legal frameworks for site restoration and liability must also be strengthened to ensure long-term environmental sustainability.