2011年-世界发展银行全球_Nutrition_Interventions_for_the_Most_Vulnerable_and_Access_to_Humanitarian_Supplies___Progress_and_Prospects_10页_895kb

Summary of G20 Development Working Group: Food Security Pillar

Core Content

This report, prepared by the World Bank and other UN System members, addresses the Food Security Pillar of the G20 Seoul Summit declaration. It focuses on nutrition interventions for the most vulnerable and access to humanitarian supplies, particularly in the context of food price volatility. The report outlines progress made by nations, ongoing actions, and key areas for G20 engagement to enhance human and social capital and nutritional outcomes.

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Main Points

1. Progress by Nations and Outstanding Challenges

• Global Food Insecurity: Despite poverty reduction efforts, hunger and under-nutrition remain widespread. In 2010, 925 million people experienced chronic hunger, with 30% in Sub-Saharan Africa and 15% in Asia and the Pacific.
• Micronutrient Deficiencies: Nearly 2 billion people lack essential micronutrients.
• Child Under-Nutrition: The percentage of underweight children in developing countries fell from 29% (1990) to 18% (2010), but it still falls short of the 2015 MDG target of 14.5%.
• Impact of Rising Prices: Food price increases have exacerbated poverty, pushing 44 million more people into poverty. In households spending 60%-80% of income on food, the nutritional quality and quantity of consumption have declined.
• Vulnerability of Women and Children: Young children and pregnant/lactating women are most vulnerable. Rising prices reduce women's time for child care, and illness (e.g., diarrhea) further compromises their nutrition.
• Comprehensive Approaches: Since 2008, a multi-sectoral approach has been developed to address food and nutrition insecurity, including agriculture, social protection, and international trade.

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2. Ongoing Actions

2.1 Scaling-Up Nutrition (SUN) Investments

• SUN Framework: A framework was developed in 2009–2010 to address under-nutrition, especially among pregnant women and young children.
• Nutrition-Specific Interventions: These include nutrition education, breastfeeding promotion, vitamin/mineral supplements, and nutrient-dense food production.
• Nutrition-Sensitive Investments: These involve agricultural and social protection policies that enhance nutrition outcomes. They aim to increase food diversity and improve access to nutritious foods.
• SUN Movement: Launched in 2010, it focuses on nutrition during the 1000 days from pregnancy to a child's second birthday. Over 100 partners have endorsed the SUN Road Map.
• Early Risers: Several countries are implementing nutrition-sensitive policies and investments to demonstrate progress and ensure sustainability.

2.2 Ensuring Access to Humanitarian Supplies

• Resilient Food Systems: Policies should promote resilient food systems, sustainable farming, and local markets that provide nutritious food.
• Social Protection Systems: Governments are developing targeted social protection schemes to support vulnerable groups, especially during food price spikes.
• Early Warning Systems: Reliable data on production, stocks, and consumption is needed to improve early warning systems.
• Food Reserves and Monitoring: Countries are building food reserves and vulnerability monitoring systems to ensure nutritional needs are met.
• Examples of Success: Brazil, Mexico, Ethiopia have demonstrated the value of well-designed social protection programs. WFP's Purchase for Progress has been a key initiative in supporting agricultural development.

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3. Key Areas for G20 Engagement

3.1 Political, Technical, and Financial Support for SUN

• G20 should support national efforts to scale up nutrition through political, technical, and financial backing.
• This includes vulnerability monitoring, multi-sectoral strategies, and people-private-public partnerships.
• G20 should align with international initiatives such as the Agriculture Market Information System (AMIS) and pull mechanisms to address market failures.

3.2 Safety Nets for Access to Nutritious Food

• G20 should accelerate national efforts to build social protection systems.
• These systems should be targeted, responsive to crises, and supported by flexible funding.
• They should ensure access to nutritious food for vulnerable groups, including women and children, through cash, voucher, or food-based transfers.

3.3 Predictable Access to Nutritious Food through Humanitarian Assistance

• G20 should ensure predictable, flexible, and sustained multilateral funding for humanitarian assistance.
• This includes emergency food reserves and food security information systems.
• G20 should exempt humanitarian food purchases from export restrictions and extraordinary taxes to ensure timely access to food.

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Key Interventions and Outcomes

Nutrition-Specific Interventions

• Ensure optimal nutrition for women during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and complementary feeding.
• Promote nutritional diversity in local markets.
• Provide nutrient-dense foods through safety net programmes.
• Integrate nutrition into maternal, newborn, and child health, as well as HIV and TB programming.

Nutrition-Sensitive Development

• Enhance nutritional impact of agricultural and food security programs.
• Improve social protection targeting vulnerable communities.
• Incorporate nutrition into education and employment initiatives.
• Address nutritional impact of climate change, poverty reduction, and emergency responses.

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Conclusion

The report highlights the urgent need to address under-nutrition and food insecurity, particularly in the face of price volatility. It emphasizes the importance of comprehensive, multi-sectoral approaches and G20 engagement in supporting national efforts to scale up nutrition interventions and improve access to humanitarian supplies. The SUN Movement and social protection systems are central to achieving these goals.