2012年-世界发展银行全球_Sustainable_Agricultural_Productivity_Growth_and_Bridging_the_Gap_for_Small-Family_Farms___Interagency_Report_to_the_Mexican_G20_Presidency_89页_1mb

Summary of Sustainable Agricultural Productivity Growth and Bridging the Gap for Small-Family Farms

Core Content

This report, prepared by a coalition of international organizations, addresses the challenge of achieving sustainable agricultural productivity growth, with a particular focus on small-family farms. It outlines the need for coordinated efforts between public and private sectors, as well as civil society, to meet global food security and sustainability goals. The report emphasizes the importance of innovation systems, investment, and policy reforms to enhance productivity and ensure environmental resilience.

Main Challenges

• Global Food Demand: By 2050, the world population is expected to reach 9.1 billion, requiring a 70% increase in global agricultural production and nearly 100% increase in developing countries.
• Smallholder Productivity Gaps: Half a billion small family farms produce most of the food in developing countries, but their productivity is generally low, with yield gaps ranging from 11% in East Asia to 76% in Sub-Saharan Africa.
• Sustainability Concerns: Agriculture is under pressure due to resource scarcity, climate change, and environmental degradation. Unsustainable practices lead to annual losses in land productivity of 0.2%, while water stress and pollution are growing globally.
• Climate Change Impact: Climate variability and extreme weather events are projected to increase, negatively affecting yields and food security, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia by 2030.

Key Drivers of Productivity Growth

• Innovation: Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS) are critical for sustainable productivity growth, involving both technological and social innovations.
• Investment: Public and private investments in research and development (R&D), infrastructure, and human capital are essential.
• Policy: Effective policies and institutional reforms are necessary to support productivity and sustainability.

Trends in Productivity and Innovation

• Historical Growth: Agricultural productivity has historically shown high growth, exemplified by the Green Revolution, which increased global food production from 800 million to over 2.2 billion tonnes between 1961 and 2000.
• TFP Growth: Total Factor Productivity (TFP) has grown at an average rate of 2% per year since 2000 in major world regions.
• Regional Variations: Some countries like Brazil, China, Indonesia, Russia, and Ukraine have achieved higher TFP growth, while Sub-Saharan Africa lags behind.
• Partial Factor Productivity: Land and labor productivity have shown more pessimistic trends, especially when excluding China's performance.

Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS)

• Supply-Driven Model: Historically, AIS has been supply-driven, with scientists creating technologies and extension officers disseminating them.
• Shift to Demand-Driven: There is a growing move toward more inclusive, interactive, and participatory innovation models that involve farmers and other stakeholders.
• Diverse Actors: AIS includes farmers, extension services, industries, consumers, and information brokers, highlighting the need for collaboration.
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): These are increasingly important for innovation, particularly in areas like biotechnology and market-oriented production systems.

Trends in R&D Funding

• Public Expenditure: In low- and middle-income countries, public R&D expenditure on agriculture has increased since the 1980s, though with significant variation.
• OECD Countries: Public R&D expenditure on agriculture accounts for over 1% of agricultural GDP in most OECD countries and 4% in the U.S.
• Private Investment: Private investment in agriculture is growing but remains limited in developing countries, with most R&D still government-funded.

Investment in Agriculture

• Types of Investment: Includes natural, physical, human, and knowledge capital.
• Financing Sources: Both public and private sources, including domestic savings and international aid.
• Focus on Smallholders: Investment needs are tailored to the stage of economic and agricultural development, with particular attention to smallholder farmers.

Recommendations

1. Improve the policy environment for investment and innovation in agriculture.
2. Support long-term investment in agricultural development.
3. Enhance trade policies to benefit smallholders.
4. Strengthen development co-operation and public-private partnerships.
5. Improve agricultural innovation systems to generate sustainable solutions.
6. Close the productivity gap for smallholders through better access to resources and technology.
7. Increase support for gender equity in smallholder productivity.
8. Promote better data collection and analysis for agricultural productivity.
9. Encourage peer review of policies to identify constraints and opportunities.
10. Foster collaboration and knowledge sharing between research institutions and farmers.

Key Information

• Global Smallholder Farms: There are approximately 500 million small family farms worldwide, with over 280 million in India and China alone.
• Yield Gaps: Yield gaps are a significant issue, with some countries in Sub-Saharan Africa showing the largest gaps.
• R&D Returns: Agricultural R&D has high returns, with estimated rates of return ranging from 20% to 80%.
• Gender Productivity Gaps: Closing gender gaps could increase agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5–4% and reduce global undernourishment by 12–17%.
• Sustainability and Climate Change: Agriculture contributes to climate change mitigation and adaptation, with a need to reduce emissions and enhance resilience.

Conclusion

This report underscores the necessity of sustainable agricultural productivity growth to meet global food security challenges, with a strong emphasis on the role of smallholder farmers. It highlights the importance of innovation, investment, and policy reform, and calls for a collaborative and inclusive approach to address these issues effectively.