世界银行-波哥大土地价值捕获_估价税案例研究（英）-2025_57页_4mb

Land Value Capture in Bogotá: Case Studies on the Valorization Levy

• Valorization Levy Overview: A betterment tax capturing increased land value resulting from infrastructure improvements to finance urban transport projects. It is based on the economic principle that infrastructure enhances property values.

• Legal Framework: Colombia's Legislative Law 25 (1921) enabled land value capture. Bogotá adopted the valorization levy through local ordinances, such as Ordinance 7 of 1987, which provided for detailed methodologies but faced implementation complications.

• Case Study Programs:

  • 1995, 2005, 2010, 2013, 2018: These programs aimed to finance road, sidewalk, and bike lane upgrades, but scope was often reduced due to cost overruns or gaps left to other revenues.
  • 2005 Expansion (Mega Program): The largest program, which aimed to benefit the entire city. It faced affordability concerns and citizen opposition, and was later reduced in scope.

• Economic Foundations: Transport projects increase land value by improving accessibility; the betterment levy captures part of this increase to fund further improvements. This relies on valuation tools like the cadaster and economic models.

• Challenges and Evolution: Multiple programs were delayed or surpassed budget estimates. Bogotá shifted to a new legal framework (Ordinance 915, 2023) requiring final designs, capacity-to-pay studies, and incorporation of citizen participation mechanisms.

• Effectiveness: While the valorization levy also generated funds, the property tax and sales tax contributed a larger share overall. The 2013 revenue-sharing framework involving taxes and levies showed that the levy contributed about 1.24% of the total revenue.

• Lessons Learned: Success depends on a well-structured cadaster, transparent valuation, ability-to-pay principles, stable constitutional and economic conditions, and citizen participation. Capacity building in fiscal management and sound cost-efficiency are paramount.

The varied success across programs highlighted the need for continuous reform in revenue collection and project implementation, providing valuable insights for other cities in value-capture financing.